Lecture 014

1. Lecture 014 Kingdoms Monera& Protista

2. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista eukaryotic Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria) prokaryotic Kingdoms

3. Kingdom Monera • Species number low (~17, 000) • Changing as we learn more • Two phyla (divisions) • Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria) • Archaebacteria

5. Evolutionary Pattern Molecular studies are giving us more information Kingdom Protista Cyanobacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Kingdom Monera

6. Bacteria Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms No membrane-bound organelles A very diverse group: • Chemoautotrophic - Purple sulfur bacteria (extremophiles) • Photoautotrophic - Blue-green algae (cyano) • Heterotrophic - E. coli • Asexual reproduction by binary fission (rapid) • Identified by metabolic needs 4,000 ? species

7. Medical Quick Tests Agar, nutrients & test chemical negative positive color comparison chart

8. rod-shaped bacteria pneumonia anthrax

9. Root Nodules Atmospheric N2 N “fixer” Plant roots 50% to 70% of the biological nitrogen fixation NifTAL: Nitrogen Fixation of Tropical Agricultural Legumes

10. Cyanobacteria “Blue-green algae” Only 200 species? In different conditionsthey grow differently Lots of colors Photosynthetic 7,500 ? species

11. Mats of cyanobacteria

12. Red Sea Turkey Iran Egypt Saudi Arabia Red Sea Red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surface

13. Productive Partnership: Azolla Nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium+ fern (Azolla) Rapid growth Used as a “green manure”

14. Azolla + N-fixing cyanobacterium

15. Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells • Membrane-bound nucleus • Membrane-bound organelles • Chromosomes consist of DNA and histone proteins and occur in pairs. • Multiplication of eukaryotic cells involves mitosis. • Reproduction is sexual and/or asexual • Protists, fungi, plants & animals are composed of eukaryotic cells.

16. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista eukaryotic Monera prokaryotic Kingdom Protista

17. Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotic • Mostly single celled; however, if multicellular, then cells not well-organized into tissues and organs (more colonies of cells). • A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms • 8 phyla • Lots of disagreements • Whittaker = “leftovers”

18. Kingdom Protista • 3 informal groups • Animal-like protists • Fungus-like protists • Plant-like (algal) protists • Misleading: some change ~ 45,000 species

19. Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Ciliophora Myxomycota Mastigophora Chrysophyta Sarcomastigophora Euglenophyta Apicomplexa Pyrrophyta Kingdom Protista

20. Animal-like Protists Phylum Sarcomastigophora “Amoeba” Shell-like glass or calcium carbonate structures Radiating projections 13,000 species

21. Note:glass projections

22. Foraminifera Tropics = beaches Most have symbiotic algae

23. Foramenifera:Globigerina ooze Covers about 36%of the ocean floor

24. Animal-like Protists Phylum Apicomplexa “Sporozoa” Parasitic, often 2 hosts Resistant spore stage 5,000 species

25. Malaria Mosquito & “victim” Africa = kills 1 million children per year Thousands of sporozoites injected Vaccine? (US support?)Fall ‘96: field trials failed

26. Travel to Malarial Infected Areas Estimate your risk Prevent mosquitobites Take antimalarialdrug(s) Know the symptoms of malaria Seek help if you suspect infection

27. Animal-like Protists Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”) Largest, most homogeneous Share few characteristicswith others Movement coordinated Sex: 8 mating types 8,000 species

29. Animal-like Protists Phylum Mastigophora(“zooflagellates”) 1 to thousands of flagellae Some parasites Vaccines? change protein coat! Gave rise to animals? 1,500 species

30. African sleeping sickness

31. Fungus-like Protists 475 species Phylum Oomycota(“water molds”; mildew, blights) Some unicellular; others consist of hyphae Decomposers,parasites Cell walls- cellulose Related to algae based on cell wall composition Named after reproductive method No “septa”

32. water molds

33. Downy Mildew

34. Mildew hyphae

35. Oomycota Reproduction: the “egg fungi”, a relatively large egg cell is fertilized by a smaller “sperm nucleus,”forming a resistant zygote.

36. Fungus-like Protists Phylum Myxomycota(“slime molds”) Bizarre Bright colors Moving “slime” mass Acellular body 550 species

39. The Blob Unidentified Growing Object “Big as a platter, foamy and creamy and pale yellow.” Died of sunstroke and nicotine poisoning

40. Diatoms Plant-like Protists • Dinoflagellates • Diatoms • Euglena • Cocolithophore • Green algae • Brown Algae • Red algae Dinoflagellates Cocolithophore Radiolarian

41. Plant-like Protists Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”) Marine and Freshwater Some live in corals Cause “red tide” 1,100 species

42. Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

43. Pyrocystis fusiformis Bioluminescence

45. Red Tide • PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning) Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium

46. Biomagnification 13.8 ppm Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers 2.07 ppm Primary consumers 0.23 ppm Primary producers 0.04 ppm The numbers are representative values of the concentration in the tissues of dinoflagellate toxin (ppm)

47. Plant-like Protists Phylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms & golden algae”) Link to green algae 13,000 species

49. Plant-like Protists Phylum Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”) 800 species