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CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface

CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface. ARM Instruction Set Architecture. Register structure Memory access Addressing modes Instructions Assembly language Subroutines Simple programs in ARM assembly language. Register structure.

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CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface

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  1. CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface

  2. ARM Instruction Set Architecture • Register structure • Memory access • Addressing modes • Instructions • Assembly language • Subroutines • Simple programs in ARM assembly language

  3. Register structure • Sixteen 32-bit registers labeled R0 through R15: • 15 general purpose registers (R0 through R14) • Program Counter (PC) register R15. • General purpose registers can hold data operands or memory addresses. • Current program status register (CPSR) or Status Register: • Condition code flags (N, Z, C, V), • Interrupt disable flags. • Processor mode bits. • 15 additional general purpose registers called banked registers. • Duplicates of some of the R0 through R14. • Used when the processor switches into the Supervisor mode or Interrupt modes of operation.

  4. Register structure (contd..) 31 0 R0 R1 15 General purpose registers R14 31 0 Program counter R15 (PC) 31 30 29 28 7 6 4 0 Status CPSR register N - Negative Z - Zero Processor mode bits C - Carry Interrupt disable bits V- Overflow Condition code flags

  5. Memory access • Memory is byte-addressable, using 32-bit addresses. • Two operand lengths are used in moving data between the memory and processor registers: • Bytes (8-bits) and Word (32-bits). • Word addresses must be aligned: • Multiples of 4. • Little-endian and big-endian addressing schemes are supported. • Determined by an external input control line. • When the length of the operand in a data transfer operation is a byte, the byte is stored in the low-order byte position of the register.

  6. Addressing modes • Memory is addressed by generating the Effective Address (EA) of the operand by adding a signed offset to the contents of a base register Rn. • Pre-indexed mode: • EA is the sum of the contents of the base register Rn and an offset value. • Pre-indexed with writeback: • EA is generated the same way as pre-indexed mode. • EA is written back into Rn. • Post-indexed mode: • EA is the contents of Rn. • Offset is then added to this address and the result is written back to Rn.

  7. Addressing modes (contd..) • Relative addressing mode: • Program Counter (PC) is used as a base register. • Pre-indexed addressing mode with immediate offset • No absolute addressing mode available in the ARM processor. • Offset is specified as: • Immediate value in the instruction itself. • Contents of a register specified in the instruction.

  8. Instructions ARM architecture is a RISC architecture Each instruction is encoded into a 32-bit word. Instruction format 31 28 27 20 19 16 15 12 11 4 3 0 Condition OP code R n R d Other info R m Instruction specifies a: - Conditional execution code. - OP Code. - Two or three registers (Rn, Rd, and Rm) - Other information. - If Rm is not needed, other information field extends to the last bit.

  9. Instructions (contd..) • All instructions are conditionally executed, depending on a condition specified in the condition code of the instruction. • Instruction is executed only if the current state of the processor condition code flags satisfies the condition specified in the high-order 4 bits of the instruction. • One of the condition codes is used to indicate that an instruction is always executed.

  10. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions • Memory is accessed using LOAD and STORE instructions. • Mnemonic for LOAD is LDR and STORE is STR. • If a byte operand is desired, then mnemonics are LDRB and STRB • Recall that the memory is accessed by generating the effective address • (EA) of the operand using various addressing modes. Pre-indexed addressing mode (1): - Offset specified as an immediate value - LDR Rd, [Rn,#offset] Pre-indexed addressing mode(2): - Offset magnitude is specified in a register. - LDR Rd, [Rn,+Rm] - Contents of Rm specify the magnitude of the offset. - Rm is preceded by a minus sign if negative offset is desired.

  11. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Pre-indexed addressing mode with offset magnitude in a register. 1000 LDR R3, [R5, R6] R5 Base register * * * 200 R6 1000 Offset register * * 200 = offset * * * * Operand 1200 EA = 1000 + 200 = 1200

  12. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Pre-indexed with writeback (1): - Offset is specified as an immediate value. - LDR Rd, [Rn,#offset]! - Exclamation mark indicates writeback, that is the effective address should be written back in Rn. Pre-indexed with writeback (2): - Offset magnitude is specified in a register. - LDR Rd, [Rn, +Rm]! - Exclamation mark indicates writeback, that is the effective address should be written back in Rn. Pre-index with writeback is a generalization of Autodecrement addressing mode.

  13. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Pre-indexed mode with writeback. Offset magnitude is specified in a register. 1000 LDR R3, [R5, R6]! R5 Base register * * * 200 R6 1000 Offset register * * 200 = offset * * * * Operand 1200 EA = 1000 + 200 = 1200 R5 = 1200

  14. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Post-indexed (1): - Offset is specified as an immediate value. - LDR Rd, [Rn],#offset - Offset is added to Rn after the operand is accessed and the contents are stored in Rn. Post-indexed (2): - Offset magnitude is specified in a register. - LDR Rd,[Rn]+Rm - Offset is added to Rn after the operand is accessed and the contents are stored in Rn. Post-indexed addressing mode always involves writeback. It is a generalization of Autoincrement addressing mode.

  15. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Post-indexed addressing. Offset magnitude is specified in a register. 1000 LDR R3, [R5] R6 R5 Base register * * * 200 R6 1000 Offset register * * 200 = offset * * * * Operand 1200 EA = 1000 R5 = 1000 + 200 = 1200

  16. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions • When the offset is given in a register, it may be scaled by a power of 2 • by shifting to the right or left. • All the addressing modes, pre-indexed, pre-indexed with writeback and • post-indexed. • LDR R0,[R1,-R2,LSL#4]! Relative mode: - Only the address of a memory location is specified. - LDR R1, ITEM. - This would normally be Absolute addressing mode, but since there is no absolute addressing mode, the EA is computed as the offset of this memory location from the PC. - Operand must be within +4095 bytes relative to the updated PC. (PC points to the location following the instruction)

  17. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Relative mode Memory word (4 bytes) address 1000 LDR R1, ITEM 1004 - updated [PC] = 1008 1008 - * * * * 52 = offset * * Operand ITEM = 1060 PC points to the word after the instruction location. EA = 1008 + 52

  18. Instructions (contd..) Memory access instructions Block transfer instructions • Instructions for loading and storing multiple operands. • Any subset of the general purpose registers can be loaded/stored. • Mnemonic for Load Multiple is LDM, Store Multiple is STM. • Memory operands must be available in successive locations. • All forms of pre- and post-indexing with and without writeback can • be used. • Operate on a base register Rn specified in an instruction. • Only word size operands are allowed. • Useful in implementing subroutines, when multiple registers need to • be stored onto the stack. LDM R10 [R0,R1,R6,R7] R10 is the base register and contains 1000. Transfers the contents of locations 1000, 1004, 1008 and 1012 to registers R0, R1, R6 and R7 respectively.

  19. Instructions (contd..) Register move instructions Copy the contents of register R0 to register R1. - MOV R1, R0 Load the an immediate operand in the low-order 8 bits of register R0. - MOV R1, #76

  20. Instructions (contd..) Arithmetic instructions • Arithmetic instructions operate on operands given in the general-purpose • registers or on immediate operands. • Memory operands are not allowed for these instructions (Typical of RISC • architectures). OPcode Rd, Rn, Rm - Operation is performed using the operands in registers Rn, Rm. - Result is stored in register Rd. OPcode Rd, Rn, #Operand. - Second operand may also be given in an immediate mode. OPcode Rd, Rn, Rm, LSL #2 - When the second operand is specified in a register, it may also be shifted left or right.

  21. Instructions (contd..) Operand shift instructions Shifting and rotation operations are performed as separate instructions in most other processors In case of ARM, shifting and rotation operations can be incorporated into most instructions. - Saves code space and may improve execution time performance.

  22. Offset = 92 Instructions (contd..) Conditional branch instructions • Contain a signed 2’s complement offset that is added to the updated • contents of the PC to generate branch target address. • Condition to be tested to determine whether or not branching should • take place is specified in the high-order 4 bits of the instruction word. 31 28 27 24 23 0 1000 BEQ LOCATION Condition OP code Offset 1004 Instruction format updated [PC] = 1008 LOCATION = 1100 Branch target instruction Note that in general the PC would have pointed to 1004. But here it points to 1008 for the reasons of pipelined execution.

  23. Instructions (contd..) Instructions to set condition codes • Conditional branch instructions check the condition code flags in the • status register. • Condition code flags may be set by arithmetic and logic operations if • explicitly specified to do so by a bit in the OP-code. • Some instructions are provided for the sole purpose of setting condition • code flags.

  24. Assembly language • AREA indicates the beginning of a block of memory • Uses the argument CODE or DATA. • AREA CODE indicates the beginning of a code block. • AREA DATA indicates the beginning of a data block. • ENTRY directive indicates that the program is to begin execution at the following instruction. • DCD directive is used to label and initialize a data operand. • EQU directive is used to equate symbolic names to constants. • RN directive is used to assign a symbolic name to a register indicative of its usage in the program.

  25. Subroutines • Branch and link (BL) instruction is used to call a subroutine. • Operates in the same way as other branch instructions. • In addition, stores the return address of the next instruction following • the BL instruction into register R14. • R14 acts as a link register. • For nested subroutines, the contents of the link register may be stored on • the stack by the subroutine. • Register R13 acts as the stack pointer. • Parameters can be passed through registers or on the stack.

  26. LDR R1,N Load coun t in to R1. LDR R2,POINTER Load address NUM1 in to R2. MOV R0,#0 Clear accum ulator R0. LOOP LDR R3,[R2],#4 Load current number into R3 . ADD R0,R0,R3 Add n umber in to R0. SUBS R1,R1,#1 Decremen t lo op coun ter R1. BGT LOOP Branc h back if not done. STR R0,SUM Store sum. Simple programs in ARM assembly language Add N numbers: - The first number is stored at the starting address NUM1. - The count of numbers to be added is stored at address N. - Store the result at location SUM. - Size of each number to be added is Word.

  27. Simple programs in ARM assembly language Memory Addressing address or data lab el Operation information Beginning of the code block Assembler directives AREA CODE ENTR Y Begin execution from next instruction. Statements that LDR R1,N generate LDR R2,POINTER mac hine MO V R0,#0 instructions LOOP LDR R3,[R2],#4 ADD R0,R0,R3 SUBS R1,R1,#1 BGT LOOP STR R0,SUM Beginning of the data block Assembler directives AREA D A T A SUM DCD 0 Label & initialize data operands N DCD 5 POINTER DCD NUM1   NUM1 DCD 3, 17,27, 12,322 END

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