Do Now:

1. Do Now: Grab Agenda 10:5 (Weebly or Out Box) Consider the lessons learned from WWI. Now that the war is over, what do we need to do make sure all this never happens again? Come up with at least 3 solutions.

2. Objective:After the War WHII.12c TSWDK of the worldwide impact of World War II by explaining the terms of the peace, the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, and plans to rebuild Germany and Japan.

3. After the War • War Crimes Trials • Ending the War • Reconstructing Germany • Reconstructing Japan

4. War Crimes Trials Definitions • War Crimes • Violations of the laws or customs of war • Includes murder, ill-treatment of civilians in an occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity. • Crimes Against Humanity • … murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war… • The plan to exterminate the Jewish race falls under the category of Crimes Against Humanity. • Experiments conducted by the Nazis fall under both categories.

5. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves.

6. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46.

7. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders.

8. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war,

9. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war, such as Hitler

10. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war, such as Hitler and Goebbels, had committed suicide before the trials began.

11. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war, such as Hitler and Goebbels, had committed suicide before the trials began. • Some escaped Europe… many were eventually caught and tried at later trials.

12. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war, such as Hitler and Goebbels, had committed suicide before the trials began. • Some escaped Europe… many were eventually caught and tried at later trials. • Outcome: • 12 were sentenced to death

13. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war, such as Hitler and Goebbels, had committed suicide before the trials began. • Some escaped Europe… many were eventually caught and tried at later trials. • Outcome: • 12 were sentenced to death • 7 were sentenced to prison

14. War Crimes Trials Nuremberg Trials • Series of military courts held by the Allies for the prosecution of key leaders of Nazi Germany. Meant to be a judicial process whereby individuals responsible for war crimes would stand trial in public and given the opportunity to defend themselves. • Held in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46. • Tried 22 of the most important captured Nazi leaders. • Several key leaders of the war, such as Hitler and Goebbels, had committed suicide before the trials began. • Some escaped Europe… many were eventually caught and tried at later trials. • Outcome: • 12 were sentenced to death • 7 were sentenced to prison • 3 were acquitted

15. War Crimes Trials Other Trials • Rest of Europe • There were over 20 other trials for war crimes between 1945-1949.

16. War Crimes Trials Other Trials • Rest of Europe • There were over 20 other trials for war crimes between 1945-1949. • Thousands more were convicted to either death or prison.

17. War Crimes Trials Other Trials • Rest of Europe • There were over 20 other trials for war crimes between 1945-1949. • Thousands more were convicted to either death or prison. • Japan • There was a separate set of trials for war crimes committed by the Japanese Empire.

18. Ending the War Conferences

19. Ending the War Conferences • Tehran, Iran – 1943

20. Ending the War Conferences • Tehran, Iran – 1943 • Yalta, Crimea – 1945

21. Ending the War Conferences • Tehran, Iran – 1943 • Yalta, Crimea – 1945 • Potsdam, Germany – 1945

22. Ending the War Conferences • Tehran, Iran – 1943 • Yalta, Crimea – 1945 • Potsdam, Germany – 1945 The “Big Three” • U.S. – Roosevelt/Truman

23. Ending the War Conferences • Tehran, Iran – 1943 • Yalta, Crimea – 1945 • Potsdam, Germany – 1945 The “Big Three” • U.S. – Roosevelt/Truman • UK – Churchill

24. Ending the War Conferences • Tehran, Iran – 1943 • Yalta, Crimea – 1945 • Potsdam, Germany – 1945 The “Big Three” • U.S. – Roosevelt/Truman • UK – Churchill • Soviet Union - Stalin

25. Ending the War Loss of Empires • Germany • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France

26. Ending the War Loss of Empires • Germany • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Sudentenland returned to Czechoslovakia • Italy

27. Ending the War Loss of Empires • Germany • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Sudentenland returned to Czechoslovakia • Italy • Lost Ethiopia, Egypt, and parts of the Middle East • Austria

28. Ending the War Loss of Empires • Germany • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Sudentenland returned to Czechoslovakia • Italy • Lost Ethiopia, Egypt, and parts of the Middle East • Austria • Separated from Germany • Japan

29. Ending the War Loss of Empires • Germany • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Sudentenland returned to Czechoslovakia • Italy • Lost Ethiopia, Egypt, and parts of the Middle East • Austria • Separated from Germany • Japan • Forced to return Manchuria to China • Korea became independent

30. Ending the War Major World Powers • United States • Soviet Union

31. Reconstructing Germany Potsdam Conference • All agreed: • Germany should remain a single country, but to be divided (see below) • Germany must be demilitarized • Germany must pay reparations (again!) • Nazi party outlawed • German government should be democratic • Individuals responsible for war crimes brought to trial (Nuremberg Trials)

32. Reconstructing Germany Division • Both Germany (and Berlin) and Austria (and Vienna) were divided into four zones of military occupation: • Soviets control East Germany (and East Berlin) • Western allies (U.S. Britain, French) control West Germany(and West Berlin) • Division was supposed to be temporary with a peace settlement to be arranged later.

33. Reconstructing Germany Political Development • Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin • West German government dominated by the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats • Dedicated to fighting communism and the Soviets • East Germany and East Berlin fall under Soviet control (Iron Curtain)

34. Reconstructing Germany Economic Development • Marshall Plan • American program named for Secretary of State (and general during the war) George Marshall. • Purpose was to help Europe rebuild in order to prevent the spread of communism.

35. Reconstructing Germany Economic Development • Marshall Plan • American program named for Secretary of State (and general during the war) George Marshall. • Purpose was to help Europe rebuild in order to prevent the spread of communism. • European nations received nearly $13 billion in aid, which initially resulted in shipments of goods, staples, fuel, and machinery from the U.S. and later resulted in investment in industrial capacity in Europe. • With foreign aid, the West German government provided housing and jobs to many refugees from East Germany and other European nations. • The labor of these refugees contributed to West Germany’s rapidly growing economy. • German industry flourished, thanks to technological innovation, a commitment to quality, and few labor troubles. • By 1958, West Germany was the leading industrial nation in Western Europe.

36. Reconstructing Japan General Douglas MacArthur • Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers • Supervised the reconstruction of Japan through United States occupation of Japan

37. Reconstructing Japan Political and Economic Development • Create new Japanese government – nonmilitary and democratic • Parliamentary democracy • Emperor no longer divine or with power. Just a symbol of state. • Elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities; guarantee of Japan’s security by the United States. • Removed people who had been powerful in government and business during the war. (Some tried for war crimes) • Emergence of Japan as dominant economy in Asia.

38. Conclusion • The outcomes of World War II included the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, and plans to rebuild Germany and Japan. • Western Europe and Japan was rebuilt to promote stable democratic governments and a healthy world economy… and to prevent the spread of communism!