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Earthquakes

Earthquakes. What are Earthquakes?. The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks Described by the Elastic Rebound Theory. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory ?. Explains how energy is stored in rocks

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Earthquakes

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  1. Earthquakes

  2. What are Earthquakes? • The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy • Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks • Described by the Elastic Rebound Theory

  3. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory? Explains how energy is stored in rocks • Rocks bend until the strength of the rock is exceeded • Rupture occurs and the rocks quickly rebound to an undeformed shape • Energy is released in waves that radiate outward from the fault

  4. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

  5. Elastic Rebound

  6. Type of Faults (A Review) • Normal • Reverse • Strike-Slip

  7. Seismic Waves • Through no fault of our own, seismic waves are generated from the breaking of the rock • These waves of energy that travel through the Earth after an earthquake • Some of these waves are what you feel during an earthquake

  8. Types of Waves • Surface – travel along the surface, cause the most damage (Your teacher may divide these further into Love and Raleigh Waves) (Slower than Body) • Body – travel through the Earth • P waves- pushes and pulls the rock (twice as fast as S wave) • S wave – slower, displaces rock at right angles, don’t travel through liquids P & S Animation P,S & Surface Animation Another P,S & Surface Animation

  9. Seismic Wave Motion

  10. S Waves Prove Liquid Outer Core

  11. Proof of Moho(Mohorovičić discontinuity) • Moho: The dept at which the P-wave velocity exceeds 8.1 Km/S is referred to as the moho (after the seismologist Mohorovicic). The moho is both a seismic and a compositional boundary, marking the transition between crust and mantle materials.

  12. Proof of Moho Notice the increase in velocity around 80 meters, just before the transition to the mantle!

  13. Focus and Epicenter • Focus: the point at which energy is released, causing the earthquake • Epicenter: the point on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the earthquake focus.

  14. Earthquakes generate seismic waves which can be detected with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph.

  15. Seismographs

  16. Perhaps the earliest seismograph was invented in China A.D. 136 by a m an named Choko.

  17. Richter Scale • Measures magnitude of an earthquake • 1-10 • 2 is the smallest able to be felt by humans

  18. Mercalli Scale • Measures intensity • Uses Roman numerals • I – XII • I – no damage • XII – total damage

  19. Associated Hazards Landslides Volcanic eruptions Tsunamis

  20. Tsunamis

  21. Tsunami Fault Generating Tsunami Fault Generating Tsunami

  22. Tsunami Damage, Gleebruk, Indonesia

  23. Chedi Resort, Phuket, Thailand, wave height ~4+ m (?, from estimates of water level from beach umbrellas on grassy area above the beach)

  24. Damage in Banda Aceh

  25. Earthquake and Tsunami Damage, Banda Aceh, Sumatra

  26. Earthquake and Tsunami Damage, Sri Lanka

  27. Train and tracks destroyed, SW coast of Sri Lanka Geist, Titov and Synolakis, Tsunami: Wave of Change, Scientific American, January, 2006.

  28. Tsunami wave trough, Sri Lanka coast

  29. Commonly, the water recedes (a wave trough) significantly for a few minutes before the first wave crest arrives. People often go out to explore the beach or gather fish or shells at that time.

  30. Tsunami wave, Sri Lanka; note strong current

  31. Banda Aceh, Sumatra, before tsunami http://geo-world.org/tsunami/

  32. Banda Aceh, Sumatra, after tsunami Also: http://www.digitalglobe.com/

  33. Another Hazard Associated with Earthquakes Liquefaction

  34. San Francisco are built on sandy soil or fill. Many homes built on this type of soil were badly damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake by liquefaction.

  35. Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water. This water exerts a pressure on the soil particles that influences how tightly the particles themselves are pressed together. Model of liquefaction Example of liquefaction

  36. Latest Earthquakes in the World Past 7 days

  37. Film Clips Destruction Earthquake Swallows Car Seismic Wave Demonstrator

  38. The End

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