National Expert Interviews: Review of Changes for 2006 Propositions for 2007

1. Erkko Autio Imperial College National Expert Interviews: Review of Changes for 2006 Propositions for 2007

2. Overview of 2006 • Only minor twists over 2005 • Reliability still increasing, now reaching stratospheric levels • I expect to get the first reliability coefficient (Cronbach alpha) greater than 1 by 2011 • All changes made have resulted in improvements • New scale, KI06QSUM (support for high-growth firms), good success from the start since 2004 • 37 countries returned a total of 1367 questionnaires • Expert data not being used in the global report but apparently in national reports EA

3. Scale Reliabilities 2003-2006 EA

4. KI06ASUM Finance 0,83 (0,80; 0,81) EA

5. KI06BSU1 Government Policy 0,75(0,76; 0,75) EA

6. B04 In my country, new firms can get most of the required permits and licenses in about a week. .682 0,713 B05 In my country, the amount of taxes is NOT a burden for new and growing firms. .762 0,746 B06 In my country, taxes and other government regulations are applied to new and growing firms in a predictable and consistent way. .747 0,745 B07 In my country, it is not unduly difficult for new and growing firms to comply with government regulations (i.e., there is not too much “red tape”). 0,821 .801 KI06BSU2 Government Regulations 0,78 (0,76, 0,70) EA

7. KI06CSUM Government Programs 0,86 (0,84; 0,85) EA

8. KI06DSU1 Primary Education 0,84 (0,81; 0,80) EA

9. KID06SU2 Higher Education 0,80 (0,78; 0,77) EA

10. KI06ESUM Technology Transfer 0,84 (0,81; 0,81) EA

11. KI06FSUM Business Infrastructure 0,82 (0,80; 0,80) EA

12. KI06GSU1 Market Change 0,93 (0,91; 0,90) EA

13. KI06GSU2 Market Openness 0,76 (0,76; 0,72) EA

14. KI06HSUM Physical Infrastructure 0,82 (0,80; 0,82) EA

15. KI06ISUM Entrepreneurial Culture 0,89 (0,88; 0,89) EA

16. KI06KSUM Entrep Opportunity 0,83 (0,77; 0,77) EA

17. KI06LSUM Entrepreneurial Capacity 0,87 (0,85; 0,78) EA

18. KI06MSUM Respect for Entrepreneurs 0,81 (0,81; 0,78) EA

19. KI06NSUM IPR Protection 0,89 (0,89; 0,87) EA

20. KI06PSUM Women Entrepreneurship 0,80 (0,78; 0,76) EA

21. KI06QSUM Support for High-Growth 0,85 (0,74) EA

22. New Scale on Innovation Receptivity • In my country, companies are eager to adopt new technologies • In my contry, consumers are eager to try out new products and services • In my country, innovation is highly valued by companies • In my country, innovation is highly valued by consumers • In my country, established companies are open to using new suppliers • In my country, consumers are open to buying products and services from new companies EA

23. EA

24. Erkko Autio Imperial College GEM National Expert Interviews: Procedures and Content

25. Objective of the National Expert Survey • Data on national economic, social, and structural conditions tends to be quite general • There is no cross-country comparative data that speaks to how national conditions support entrepreneurial firm creation and growth • This is where the national expert survey makes its contribution: international, internally reliable, cross-nationally comparative data on: • 9 ”national entrepreneurial framework conditions” • Population entrepreneurial opportunity and capacity • Entrepreneurial orientation of the national culture • Intellectual property protection (proxy for the appropriation of the outcomes of individual effort) • Support for women entrepreneurship EA

26. Overall Experience • Astonishing consistency, stability, and internal reliability that is almost beoynd belief • 16 highly reliable multi-item scales that describe national conditions for entrepreneurial activity • Unprecedented source of data on national differences in entrepreneurial framework conditions • In summary, success beyond my wildest dreams EA

27. Limitations • This is Likert-scale data • Ordinal, NOT metric • Therefore, direct country-to-country comparisons should be treated with some care. Best to compare proximate countries • Likert-scale data can be perfectly used in correlation and regression analyses EA

28. Expert Selection for Interviews • 4 experts per entrepreneurial framework condition • 2-3 experts, 1-2 entrepreneurs per framework condition • First year: interview 36 experts • Second year: interview 18 NEW experts, send mail questionnaire to the rest • 3 – n year: interview 9 NEW, 9 OLD experts (or 18 new), send mail questionnaire to the rest • Response bias checks: background data, sector (EFC) distribution, etc EA

29. Content • Entrepreneurial factor conditions • Finance: KI07A01-A06 • Government policy: KI07B01-B07 • Government programs: KI07C01-C06 • Education: KI07D01-D05 • Technology transfer: KI07E01-E05 • Business services: KI07F01-F05 • Market openness: KI07G01-G06 • Physical infrastructure: KI07H01-H05 • Social and cultural norms: KI07I01-I06 • Entrepreneurial capacity and opportunity (K01-L05) • Respect for entrepreneurs: KI07M01-05 • IPR protection: KI07N01-N05 • Women entrepreneurship: KI07P01-05 • Support for high-growth firms: KI07Q01-05 • Receptiveness to innovation: KI07R01-05 EA

30. Coding • KI07AS01-AS10: 0, 1; 97, 98, 99 • KI07A01-R05: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 97, 98, 99 • 97=do not know • 98=does not apply • 99=data missing EA

31. Background Data • KI07ctry: country (e g, 45=Denmark) • KI07date: interview date • KI07gndr: gender (0=female, 1=male) • KI07born: year informant born, yyyy • KI07educ: education; 1 (university), 2 (professional training), 3 (graduate scholarly work) • KI07dgyr: year latest degree completed, yyyy • KI07spec: degree specialization (alphanumeric) • KI07expc: years experience in current position (yy,m) EA

32. Background data cont’d • KI07expt: total years in current organization (yy,m) • KI07expe: total years of experience in entrepreneurship (yy,m) • KI07efc: entrepreneurial factor condition (1-9) • KI07ivwr: name of interviewer (alphanumeric) • KI07name: name of informant (alphanumeric) • KI07pos: position of informant (alphanumeric) EA

33. Coding • The country teams are responsible for coding and checking the data • Excel base sheet will be provided: KI07base.xls • SPSS portable base file will be provided: KI07base.por • the SPSS portable file carries coding instructions and variable labels that can be viewed in SPSS 8.0 or higher EA

34. Mailing • Email or mail either the excel or the SPSS file to GEM coordination center for processing • Mail copies of the interview questionnaires to GEM coordination center for storage and for possible checks in case typos are suspected EA

35. Analysis • Check data integrity, coding • Combine datasets • Re-code reverse variables • Check factor loadings of individual items • Calculate multi-item variables, check internal reliability • Combine with national data • Produce country comparison tables and charts for distribution within the GEM consortium EA

36. Doing the Interview • At the beginning of the interview (or before it) • ask how much time the interviewee has • reserve 15 minutes from the end for completing the questionnaire • During the interview • if necessary, cut the discussion short in order to make time for completing the questionnaire • Do NOT leave the questionnaire with the interviewee for completion later • getting the questionnaire back later is very difficult • you must be present to answer any questions EA

37. Good Motivating Arguments • Time efficiency. If the questionnaire is completed immediately after the discussion, the issues will be fresh in the interviewee’s mind • Enables international comparisons. The questionnaire data will be crucial for the international comparisons • Help us. By completing the questionnaire immediately, you help us to get the study done • Help the cause. This is important for fostering entrepreneurship • Help yourself. We will mail all interviewees a copy of the GEM report EA