WELCOME TO THE SEMINAR ON By : MARIA ABRAHAM(19093252)

1. WELCOME TO THE SEMINARON By : MARIA ABRAHAM(19093252) IONTOPHORESIS

2. Introduction

3. Described by Pivati in 1747. • Galvani and Volta: • electricity can move different metal ions • movements of ions produce electricity • Clinical practice. • Recently its used in combination with laser Doppler technology

4. Principle of Iontophoresis • External energy source used to increase rate of penetration of drugs through membrane. • When a negatively charged drug is to be delivered across an epithelial barrier which is placed under the negatively charged delivery electrode (cathode) from which it is repelled, to be attracted to the positive electrode placed elsewhere on the body. • In anodal iontophoresis the electrode orientation is reversed .

6. Circuit Diagram

7. Factors affecting Iontophoretic transport

8. Optimising iontophoretic transport • Varying applied current density. • pH of the formulation should be optimised. • Before Iontophoresis, carefully clean the skin area to be used with deionised water or preferably 70% alcohol.

9. IONTOPHORESIS DEVICES

10. Some of the conditions treated via Iontophoresis Condition Drug used Zinc oxide Histamine Poldine methyl sulfate, glycopyrronium bromide, atropine,tap water Lidocaine with epinephrine Penicillin Iodine • Ischemic ulcer • Ulcers • Hyperhydrosis • Local skin anesthesia • Infected burn wound • Scar tissue

11. Transdermal Iontophoresis • Facilitated transport of drug molecules through skin under the influence of an external field. • Quantity of direct or pulsed current determined by multiplying the surface area by the time of exposure. • This current is then passed between the two electrodes. • Charged drug molecule repelled from active electrode into the skin and then into the systemic circulation.

12. Tap water iontophoresis • Uses tap water as a medium. • Passes direct current of significant magnitude and duration in to the skin.

13. Merits • It avoids the risks of infection and skin damage. • It can deliver a greater concentration of medication to a local area than oral medications. • Non-Invasive • Easier

14. Demerits • Minor reactions such as itching, general irritation of iontophoretic skin surface. • Increased risk of minor reactions if the exposure time or current are increased. • Some drugs induce long-lasting skin pigmentation after iontophoretic application.

15. Applications • For treating hyperhydrosis. • Acne scars. • Chickenpox scars. • Pigmentation problems. • Stretchmarks. • Used in Glucowatch. • Anti-inflammatory medications. • Deliver insulin. • Iontophoresis in neurons.

16. Blood test • Iontophoresis for musculo-skeletal inflammation. • Iontophoresis of fentanyl for the treatment of pain. • Drug penetration into eye.

17. Safety rules • Be sure that the patients skin sensation is normal. • Do not apply the current over denuded areas. • See that the metal plate of the electrode is evenly covered by the padding. • See that the covering pad is evenly soaked with tap water or saline solution. • Apply electrodes in good contact, with even pressure.

18. Fasten the conducting cords securely to the electrodes. • Always advance current gently when starting. • Be sure that the patient understands he is to report undue burning or pain. • If at any time the patient complaints of annoying symptoms decrease the strength of current. Stigmergy

19. Conclusion • Iontophoresis of fentanyl for cancer pain. • Iontophoresis does not require the placement and maintenance of intravenous access, which is associated with significant side effects. • Holds a lot of promise for the future of drug delivery.

20. References • www.sweathelp.org • www.intota.com • American Journal Of Physical Medicine • www.seminarsonly.com • www.stdpharm.co.uk

21. THANK YOU

22. Any queries?