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Chief Officer Training Curriculum. Operations Module 11: Structural Collapse Simulation Exercise. Objectives. Identify various resource levels, types, and capabilities used for structural collapse incidents Determine types and levels of structural collapse risks
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Chief Officer Training Curriculum Operations Module 11: Structural Collapse Simulation Exercise
Objectives • Identify various resource levels, types, and capabilities used for structural collapse incidents • Determine types and levels of structural collapse risks • Determine levels of capability for a structural collapse incident • Establish incident objectives
Objectives (continued) • Determine strategies • Select tactics • Identify and request resources • Establish an appropriate ICS organization to manage a structural collapse incident
Overview • Basic knowledge of factors involved in a structural collapse incident • Appreciation for the complexity of structural collapse incidents • Practice of command skills required to manage structural collapse incidents • Appreciation for the need for effective incident management
Collapse Caused by Fire • Localized or catastrophic • Life hazard to: • Firefighters • Civilians • Operations may have to continue • Firefighting strategy may or may not have to change • Collateral damage to rigs, exposures, fire extension • Water from firefighting adding weight
Localized Collapse Localized collapse • Minor—part of a ceiling assembly • Substantial—a roof, ceiling or floor assembly Catastrophic collapse • Fire damage causes structural members to fail • Heating of structural members leads to collapse • Explosions or backdrafts damage structural elements
Vehicle Accidents • Structural damage usually localized • Can involve bearing walls or supports • Hazards of other weakened building components • Damage to building utilities • May cause fire • Victims • Extrication problems
Building Alterations • Approved alterations (permit posted) • Alterations done with approved plans but done incorrectly • Pre-existing but unknown weaknesses • “Owner approved” alterations • Alterations done without permits • Structural members removed • Bearing walls removed • Demolition
Natural Hazards • Earthquake • Wind • Tornadoes • Hurricanes or typhoons • Trees down into building • Precipitation • Rain • Snow
Low Probability/High Risk • Complex rescues • Dangerous rescues • Time-critical situations • Interaction of different levels of rescue capability
Rescuer Hazards Potential threats include: • Physical • Medical • Environmental • External • Psychological
Unsafe Conditions • Unstable building/secondary collapse • Confined space • Flammable or toxic hazard • Oxygen-deficient atmosphere • Ignition source • Sharp, unstable, or irregular surface
Safety Considerations • Preplanning and training • Use of ICS • Establishment of a Safety Officer, safetyplan, and Rapid Intervention Crew • Use of a personnel accountability system • Require appropriate protective clothingand equipment
Response Operations • Search for live victims • Rescue live victims—realize time a critical factor for survival • Consider risk/benefit factors • Structural stability/instability • Consider safety factors • Continue firefighting operations
Recovery Operations • Remove deceased victims and personal property • Realize time is not critical • Use additional safety precautions (when possible) • Use critical incident stress management • Work with law enforcement and coroner in investigation and recovery operations • Stabilize and secure the site
Levels of Capability/Resources • Local fire department • FEMA National US&R Task Forces • Spontaneous volunteers • Other agencies
Private Sector ResourcesCommunity Emergency Response Team (CERT)
US&R Resource Types • US&R Task Force • Type I (Heavy)—concrete, steel, confined space • Type II (Medium)—heavy timber, masonry • Type III (Light)—basic rope rescue • Type IV (Basic)—surface rescue
Coordinating with Other Agencies • The incident (IC and agency representative(s)) • Department dispatch center or department operating center • Local Emergency Operations Center (EOC) • County EOC • State multi-agency coordination system and EOC • Federal coordinating system • City level (mayor)
Operational Considerations • Time • Location • Occupancy (hazards, type, multiple) • Height and area (six sides) • Size of collapse area and structural hazards • Fire and hazardous materials problems
Operational Considerations (continued) • Exposures • Utilities (gas, water, electricity) • Weather • Victims • Traffic • Rail
Operational Considerations (continued) • Personnel • Incident command • Communications • Medical • Safety • Special equipment
Operational Considerations (continued) • Construction equipment • Shoring materials • Information updates • Staging areas • Responder rest, recovery, and relief • Secondary collapse
Life Safety andPersonnel Considerations • Collapse hazards: • Structural failure • Nonstructural failure • Nonstructural damage • Environmental conditions “Low occurrence/high-risk incidents injure and kill firefighters.”
Personnel Accountability • IC must ensure an accountability system in place early during initial response • Accurate information must be provided on assignments and locations of: • Companies • Crews • Personnel
Scene Safety • Provide leadership and organization • Obtain accurate information and develop plan • Make safety top priority • Assign ISO and Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) • Provide appropriate protective measures and safety equipment
Scene Safety (continued) • Rotate crews and provide rehabilitation • Plan for contingencies • Monitor, isolate, confine, contain, and mitigate hazards • Communicate and use chain of command • Hold periodic briefings • Plan for injuries and stress management
Question ... “What actions should the IC take when managing the scene of a structural collapse?”
Information Officer Expanded Response Incident Commander Safety Staging Officer RIC Law Public Division Division Group Works A B Task Force 1 Task Force 2 Law Debris (Rescue) Enforcement Removal (Rescue) (Scene) US&R Law Engine Strike Team Enforcement Strike Team (Rescue) (Scene) (Support) Law Enforcement (Traffic) Ambulance Engine (Search) (Medical) Law Ambulance Ambulance Enforcement (Medical) (Medical) (Traffic) US&R Strike Team (Search
Detailed IAP • Developed for each operational period • Essential elements include: • Specific detailed objectives • Tactics (to meet objectives) • Resource assignments • Incident organization • Maps • Plans for communications, medical, safety, and traffic
Operational Periods • Planned time periods needed to achieve objectives • May require shorter operational periods due to rapidly changing incidents
Logistical Support Long-term needs: • Lighting • Large food/water supply • Major equipment, repair, supply function • Special equipment acquisitions • Other support functions (specific to a structural collapse incident)
Incident Facilities • Multiple staging areas • Large base for personnel and equipment support • Supply and equipment distribution system • Expanded Incident Command Post (ICP) • Larger triage and treatment areas • Morgue • Decontamination area
Incident Command Fire Law Enforcement Information Liaison Safety Finance/ Operations Planning Logistics Administration Section Section Section Section Staging Air Operations Situation Communication Time Status Unit Unit RIC Resource Search & Law Public Multi- Medical Procurement Exposure Status Rescue Enforcement Works casualty Unit Unit Branch Unit Branch Branch Branch Branch Documentation Food Scene Heavy Unit Unit Division Medical Office Security Equipment A Group Division Group Group Victim Locator Traffic Patient Division Public Restaurant Unit Control Transportation B Utilities Division Group Group US&R Technical Fire Evacuation Debris Recon Specialist Suppression Group Removal Group Group US&R Group#1 US&R Group #2
Extended ICS Organization During a multibranch response: • The IC assigns Logistics and Finance/ Administration Chiefs • Operations has established five branches • Planning, Logistics, and Finance/ Administration have several operational units
Interaction with EOC • Activated to support response agencies and coordinate multi-agency operations • Local government EOCs are central point for coordination within and outside jurisdiction • Field level coordination may go through dispatch