Opening Question (10/5)

Opening Question (10/5) What do these terms all have in common with each other?

Introduction to the Reformation 10/5/09 We will look at the Reformation through three leaders (Martin Luther, Henry VII, and John Calvin)

Martin Luther (Who was he?) • Born in what is now Germany • Was a Lawyer who gave up his practice and became a monk • Struggled w/ his faith tremendously • Did not intend to break with the church • He wanted to reform it originally • Like many, he believed the Church had lost its spirituality

He Takes a Stand! • Catholic Church approves the sale of indulgences • Parchments people could buy to forgive them or their loved ones of their sins • Enrages Martin Luther • Writes 95 Theses in response (post on Wittenberg Church Door) – seen as the start of the Reformation!! • First person to openly challenge the church like this

21. Those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved 24. It must needs be, therefore, that the greater part of the people are deceived by that indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalty. 27. They preach man who say that so soon as the penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory]. 32. They will be condemned eternally, together with their teachers, who believe themselves sure of their salvation because they have letters of pardon. 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon. 43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons; 44. Because love grows by works of love, and man becomes better; but by pardons man does not grow better, only more free from penalty. 45. Christians are to be taught that he who sees a man in need, and passes him by, and gives [his money] for pardons, purchases not the indulgences of the pope, but the indignation of God. 52. The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain, even though the commissary, nay, even though the pope himself, were to stake his soul upon it.

Luther vs. the Church • His writings opened up feelings in many peoples hearts • 1521 - Pope Leo X declares Luther is a heretic and excommunicates him • Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) calls Luther to trial (Diet of Worms) • Rules Luther as an outlaw • Frederick of Saxony puts Luther in hiding • While in hiding Luther translates the Bible into German • First person to do this in Western Europe • Now everyone can read it for themselves

Martin Luther's Beliefs • Luther founds his own church (Lutheran) • Simple, priests guide it (not powerful officials) • Luther believes that people can reach salvation through faith alone • He claims that one cant get it through good deeds or buying indulgences • He claims that the bible is the ultimate authority, not the pope • He believes that all people are equal before the eyes of God

Conflict in German States • Charles V tries to stomp out any religious dissent against the Catholic Church • Wins battles against other German Princes but cannot stop the spread of Luther’s message • German Princes that protest Charles V are called “Protestants” • Peace of Augsburg(1555) • Reaches a compromise with German princes that support Luther • Each prince can choose what religion they want for their land • People who don’t want to follow that religion have to move to different state • Northern Princes follow Luther’s teachings, Southern Princes remain loyal to Catholic Church

Reformation in England • Starts with Henry VIII (for political reasons) • Defended Church during Reformation in Germany • Pope gives him the title as “defender of the faith” • Henry VIII asks for a divorce from his wife Catharine of Aragon (1529) • Pope refuses to allow him the divorce • Henry gets angry and pulls England from the Catholic Church • Forms the Church of England with him as the head of it (later called the Anglican Church)

Church of England • Act of Supremacy (1534) • Officially broke England with the Catholic Church • England confiscated all property the Catholic Church held in England • Henry VIII was now able to divorce his wife and remarry • 1588 – Spanish Armada tries to sail to England • Goal was to overthrow England's rulers and reassert Catholic domination over the country • Huge failure – English become most powerful naval force afterwards

John Calvin • John Calvin forms his own church in Switzerland • Has similarities to Luther’s ideas, but differs in some aspects as well • 1536 – John Calvin writes – Institutions of the Christian Religion • Outlines his beliefs on every issue • Gives followers a united front • Becomes the basis of (Calvinism)

John Calvin’s Beliefs (Calvinism) • Predestination – Idea that God has already decided who will be saved and who would not • Chosen ones called “the elect” • Believes that a persons faith will be revealed by living a righteous life • Preached self discipline, high moral standards, and strong work ethic Calvin establishes his church in Switzerland • 1536 – Calvin moves to Geneva Switzerland and establishes a Theocracy there • A government ruled by religious leaders • Strict rules but people willingly follow • No Vices allowed

Calvinism spreads to France • Many French Nobles convert to Calvinism • 1/3 of the nobilityat one point • French protestants are referred to as HUGUENOTS • 1562 – Huguenots and Catholics in France begin a bloody civil war • Many Huguenots flee France (Go to Netherlands) • 1598 – Edict of Nantes • King Henry IV of France grants some religious and political freedom to the Huguenots in order to quell the violence

Calvinism Spreads to other countries in Europe • In Poland, Hungry, and other parts of Eastern Europe some minorities convert to Calvinism • Calvinism also spreads to the Netherlands, Scotland, and parts of the Western German states • These people will eventually be called “Puritans” • Tried to purify the church and live “pure” lives • By 1600 Calvinism is firmly rooted in European society

End of Day Question (10/5) • What are your impressions of the movie thus far. • How do you view Luther? • What is your impression of the people in the movie (the regular/common folks)? • What are your impressions of the way the movie depicts the Catholic Church?

Opening Question (10/5)