General Introduction to the Genome

1. General Introduction to the Genome

2. An Outlines • Molecular Biology Major Events • DNA, RNA • Protein Synthesis(Transcription & Translation) • Genome Anatomy • Bioinformatics • Genomics Signal Processing

3. Molecular Biology Major Events • DNA, RNA • Protein Synthesis(Transcription & Translation) • Genome Anatomy • Bioinformatics • Genomics Signal Processing

4. Molecular Biology Major Events 1881 1869 1865 Mendel Johann Friedrich Chromosomes are composed of DNA DNA Discovery Inheritance is controlled by unit factors

5. Molecular Biology Major Events 1881 1941 1911 George Beadle Thomas Hunt Edward Tatum Identify that genes make proteins Chromosomes are composed of DNA Genes on chromosomes are the discrete units of heredity

6. The Central Dogma 1 2 3 Target Nucleus Book shelves Book

7. What is Life made of?

8. Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes DNA DNA

10. The Cell: Chemical Composition • 70% Water • 7% Small molecules • Salts • Amino acids (Protein) • Nucleotides (DNA, RAN) • 23% macromolecules • Proteins • Polysaccharides • Lipids

11. The Cell: The 3 Critical Molecules RNA PROTEIN DNA m-RNA r-RNA t-RNA Form enzymes Form body’s components Hold Genetic information Transfer Information Synthesize Protein

12. Molecular Biology Major Events • DNA, RNA • Protein Synthesis(Transcription & Translation) • Genome Anatomy • Bioinformatics • Genomics Signal Processing

13. DNA: the Nucleotide Sugar Phosphate A Nitrogenous base

14. DNA: Nitrogenous base Purines Pyrimidines G A T C

15. DNA: Polymerization reaction 5 P’ 3OH’ G G G A A A T C C C T T 5 3

16. DNA: hydrogn bounds G G G G A A A A T T C C T C C T No of base pairs= Genome Size HG= 3200 Mbp (Mb)

17. Sugar- Phosphate Back bone G G G G A A A A C C T T T T C C DNA: Watson - Crick Model 1951

18. DNA: Watson - Crick Model Sugar- Phosphate Back bone No of base pairs= Genome Size HG= 3200 Mbp (Mb)

19. RNA versus DNA Sugar "Ribose” Sugar” deoxyRibose” Phosphate Phosphate Nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base G, A ,C,T G, A ,C,U

20. Protein structure • 1902 - Emil Hermann Fischer wins Nobel prize: showed amino acids are linked and form proteins D F T A A S K G N S G

21. R NH3+ C COO- H Amino acid: Basic unit of protein Different side chains, R, determine the properties of 20 amino acids. Amino group Carboxylic acid group An amino acid

23. Protein structure • Primary structure • Secondary structure • Super-secondary structure • Tertiary structure • Quaternary structure

24. Protein Structure: Predication Problem Protein sequence Protein 3D structure Protein Function F T A S G N

25. Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein Protein The Central Dogma:Genes is protein’s blueprint, Genome DNA Gene Protein

26. Molecular Biology Major Events • DNA, RNA • Protein Synthesis(Transcription & Translation) • Genome Anatomy • Bioinformatics • Genomics Signal Processing

27. Protein Synthesis: DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Information Replication Transcription Translation

28. Protein Synthesis: Gene Expression

29. Pre-mRNA mRNA 1 Gene 3 1 Transcription Translation Gene 2 2 2 3 3 Gene 1 Splicing

30. Alternative Splicing Pre-mRNA mRNA 1 Gene 3 1 Transcription Translation Gene 2 2 3 2 3 Gene 1

31. m-RNA Editing Pre-mRNA mRNA 1 Gene 3 1 Transcription Translation Gene 2 2 2 3 3 Gene 1

33. Translation Pre-mRNA Start Codon mRNA 1 Gene 3 AUGAUAAC UA G M S A K Gene 2 2 CV 3 Gene 1 Stop Codon

34. Protein Synthesis: The Genetic Code Start Stop

35. Gene Regulation 1 1 Gene 1 2 2 3 3 R Gene 1 Regulatory protein

36. Gene Regulation We have a little knowledge about regulatory mechanisms Regulatory protein Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 1 Regulatory protein Gene 2

37. What a big Genome Size? • The 12 font size enables approximately 60 nucleotides of DNA sequence to be written in a line 10 cm in length. • Genome size = total number of nucleotide base pairs. • typically in millions of base pairs, or megabases [abbreviated Mb or Mbp])

38. Molecular Biology Major Events • DNA, RNA • Protein Synthesis(Transcription & Translation) • Genome Anatomy • Bioinformatics • Genomics Signal Processing

39. the human genome sequence would stretch for 5000 km, the distance from Montreal to London, Los Angeles to Panama, Tokyo to Calcutta, Cape Town to Addis Ababa, or Auckland to Perth The sequence would fill about 3000 books the size of book 600 pages size.

40. Genome size of organism are different

41. Genome size is not good indicator for genes number

42. Space is saved in the genomes of less complex organisms because the genes are more closely packed together.

43. C-value paradox • Correlation between the complexity of an organism and the size of its genome was looked on as a bit of a puzzle.

44. Genome Anatomy Gene 6 Gene 4 Gene 5 Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3

45. Human Genome Anatomy Human genome Nuclear genome  Mitochondrial genome

46. it is much smaller than the nuclear genome(~17 kB), and it contains just 37 genes. 13 code proteins and 24 specify non-coding RNA. do not contain intron. is typical of the mitochondrial genomes of other animals Human Mitochondrial Genome Anatomy

48. Nuclear Human Genome Anatomy 62%

49. Nuclear Human Genome Anatomy: Protein Coding Genes

50. Nuclear Human Genome Anatomy: Protein Coding Genes five exons, separated by four introns. average exons= nine exons per gene