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ZigBEE

ZigBEE. Fundamentals of ZigBee. Low Cost Low Power Security-enabled Reliable Initial Target Markets were AMR, Building Automation, and Industrial Automation (M2M Comms). ZigBee Protocol. Where Does ZigBee Fit? Data Rate vs. Range vs. Battery Life (not shown). Wireless Video Applications.

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ZigBEE

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  1. ZigBEE

  2. Fundamentals of ZigBee Low Cost Low Power Security-enabled Reliable Initial Target Markets were AMR, Building Automation, and Industrial Automation (M2M Comms)

  3. ZigBee Protocol Where Does ZigBee Fit? Data Rate vs. Range vs. Battery Life (not shown) Wireless Video Applications Faster Video UWB Data Wireless Data Applications 802.11g 802.11a IrDA Wi-Fi® Voice Peak Data Rate 802.11b Cellular 2.5G/3G Bluetooth™ Monitoring & Control Data Transfer ZigBee™ Slower Wireless Networking Closer Farther Range

  4. Wireless Standards Comparison

  5. The Value of Mesh:Extending Range • out of range, no RF connectivity • Point-to-Multipoint • Reduced Function Device • Communications Flow

  6. The Value of Mesh:Extending Range • leverage network nodes to increase range and establish RF connectivity • Mesh Node Hopping • RF Node • Communications Flow

  7. The Value of Mesh:Self Healing/Discovery • unexpected interruptions in the network can be automatically compensated for by re-directing communication • Mesh Node Hopping • RF Node • Communications Flow

  8. Section 1 Zigbee Pro Feature Set

  9. ZigBee Feature Sets • ZigBee releases are defined as “Feature Sets” • A Feature Set refers to a group, or set, of features. There are two Feature Sets in the latest update to the ZigBee specification: ZigBee Feature Set and the ZigBee PRO Feature Set. • “ZigBee 2004”, “ZigBee 2006”, and “ZigBee 2007” are colloquial references and not endorsed by the ZigBee Alliance

  10. ZigBee Events • ZigBee Technology • ZigBee PRO Feature Set available • “Smart Energy” profile ratified • ZigBee Feature Set available • IEEE 802.15.4 released • ZigBee “2004” ratified • ZigBee “2004” available • Need for WPANs • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • “Enhanced” mesh; pseudo-stochastic addressing; support for more dense networks; compatibility issues • Point-to-multipoint / peer-to-peer networks • Feeble, • mesh networking; tree-based addressing architecture; very small node density • Significantly improved mesh; support for thousands of nodes; broad interoperability

  11. ZigBee Feature Set (2004) • Coordinator • Router • Tree Mesh • Reduced Function Device • Communications Flow

  12. ZigBee Pro Feature Set • Coordinator • Router • Stochastic Mesh • Reduced Function Device • Communications Flow

  13. ZigBee & IEEE 802.15.4 • ZigBee uses the PHY and MAC defined by 802.15.4 • Accordingly, ZigBee is a WPAN network, but with added networking intelligence • ZigBee inherits the RF characteristics of its 802.15.4 platform: • RF Link Budget • Current Draw

  14. Simplified ZigBee Stack • User defined • User Application • ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) • ZigBee APS • Security Services • ZigBee Protocol • ZigBee Network Layer • MAC • IEEE 802.15.4 • PHY • (2.4 GHz, 900 MHz, 868 MHz)

  15. 802.15.4 Protocol 802.15.4 Specifications Supported Networks Point-Point Point-Multipoint/Star Types of Nodes Coordinator End Node Reliable Delivery CSMA/CA MAC-level (pt-pt) Retries/Acknowledgments 64-bit IEEE and 16-bit short Addressing 16 DSSS RF Channels ZigBee AF ZigBee ZDO ZigBee APS ZigBee Network 802.15.4 MAC 802.15.4 PHY

  16. 802.15.4 Protocol 802.15.4 Nodes in a PAN (Personal Area Network)

  17. ZigBee Protocol Supported Networks Point-Point Point-Multipoint/Star MESH Types of Nodes Coordinator End Node ROUTER Reliable Delivery CSMA/CA MAC-level (pt-pt) Retries/Acknowledgments MESH NETWORK-level (multi-hop) Retries/ACKs 16 DSSS RF Channels ZigBee AF ZigBee ZDO ZigBee APS ZigBee Network 802.15.4 MAC 802.15.4 PHY

  18. ZigBee Protocol ZigBee Nodes in a PAN (Personal Area Network) • Coordinator • One per PAN • Establishes/Organizes a PAN • Mains-powered • Router • Optional • Several can be in a PAN • Mains-powered • End Device • Several can be in a PAN • Low power

  19. ZigBee Protocol ZigBee Specifications Addressing 64-bit IEEE Address Unique to every 802.15.4 device in the world Permanent, assigned during mfg 16-bit Network Addressing Unique to each module within a PAN Used in Routing Tables Used for data transmissions, etc. Volatile Address - Can Change ZigBee AF ZigBee ZDO ZigBee APS ZigBee Network 802.15.4 MAC 802.15.4 PHY

  20. 802.15.4 Data Transmission modes Broadcast Mode To send a broadcast packet to all radios regardless of 16-bit or 64-bit addressing Unicast Mode – Guaranteed Delivery 64-bit IEEE Addressing Destination 64-bit Address to match 64-bit source address of intended receiver. 16-bit Network Addressing Destination 16-bit Address to match 16-bit source address of intended receiver ZigBee Protocol needs/uses

  21. PAN Network Formation Coordinator must select an unused operating channel and PAN ID Energy scan on all channels Sends Beacon request (Broadcast PAN ID) Listens to all responses and logs the results After the Coordinator has started, it will allow nodes to join to it for a time based on the specified Node Join Time ZigBee Protocol

  22. Router Startup A new Router must locate a Router that has already joined a PAN or a Coordinator Sends a Broadcast PAN ID on each channel Returns sent via Unicast Router will then try to join to a Router or Coordinator that is allowing joining ZigBee Protocol

  23. End node: Low-power Sleep Modes End Node Startup A new End node must locate a Router that has already joined a PAN or a Coordinator Sends a Broadcast PAN ID on each channel Returns sent via Unicast End node will then try to join to a parent (Router or Coordinator) that is allowing joining ZigBee Protocol

  24. Single Point of Failure Common Belief: If a Coordinator fails, the network fails FALSE: If a Coordinator fails, the network continues to function, but without certain non-essential features of the Coordinator

  25. ZigBee Protocol • Broadcast Transmissions - Relayed to All Nodes • No Acks are transmitted – Routers listen to neighboring Routers to know if message was retransmitted • Retransmit if neighbors are not heard (up to 2 times) • Broadcast Transaction Table used to ensure Routers do not repeat a message they have already repeated • Expensive time wise R R R R R C R R R R

  26. ZigBee Protocol • Route Discovery consists of the following commands: • Route Request (broadcast) • 64-bit address used to find the local 16-bit address (Network address discovery) • Routing tables based on 16-bit address • Route Reply (unicast) • Positive acknowledgement returned • If node is gone- Network address discovery fails R7 R2 C R6 R1 R10 R3 R5

  27. ZigBee Protocol • Normal Data Transmissions (Unicast - established Network) • R1 must transmit data to R10. • MAC ACKs are transmitted for each hop. • One Network ACK is transmitted from the Destination node back to the Source R1 R7 R8 R2 R9 C R6 R4 R3 R10 R5

  28. ZigBee Protocol Disabled Node R1 X R7 R8 R2 R9 C R6 R4 R3 R10 R5

  29. ZigBee Protocol • Disabled Node • New Route Discovery Request (broadcast) • 64-bit address used to find the local 16-bit address (Network address discovery) R1 X R7 R8 R2 R9 C R6 R4 R3 R10 R5

  30. ZigBee Protocol • Disabled Node • New Route sent back along best path (unicast) • Coordinator not necessary after network setup R1 X R7 R8 R2 R9 C R6 R4 R3 R10 R5

  31. ZigBee Protocol • Sleeping end node (child) • Associates with a parent • Parent takes over Zigbee network communications while child is sleeping • Parent must always be awake (router or coordinator) • Number of childs per parent is limited R1 R7 R8 R2 R9 C R6 R4 R3 E10 R5

  32. Section 2 Digimesh

  33. The Value of Mesh • many common mesh technologies require different node types with a parent/child relationship to achieve mesh node hopping • Coordinator • Router • Mesh Node Hopping • Reduced Function Device • Communications Flow

  34. DigiMesh Topology • Peer-to-Peer Mesh • DigiMesh Router • Communications Flow

  35. DigiMesh Network Overview • Simple relative to Parent/Child-based mesh technologies • Support for Sleeping Routers • Unpredictable timing (like all mesh networks) • Poor latency performance relative to multipoint technologies (like all mesh networks) • Lower sustained throughput relative to multipoint products (like all mesh networks)

  36. How DigiMesh is Different Parent/Child Mesh DigiMesh Peer-to-Peer Hierarchy One Node Type Support for Sleeping Routers Simple Setup 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz Proprietary Protocol • Parent/Child Hierarchy • Multiple Node Types • No Sleeping Routers • Complex Setup • Most Commonly 2.4 GHz • Open Protocols Available

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