Kingdoms of Africa

1. Kingdoms of Africa

2. Thriving trade Early trade with Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Chinese, and Indians Rise of slave trade Rich mix of cultures EAST AFRICAN KINGDOMS trading communities set up by Arab and Asian immigrants on east coast Introduction of crops and animals from Middle East & Asia Development of Swahili language

3. DON’T WRITE The Indian Ocean linked East Africa to India and other Asian lands.

4. 1. Nubia (1000 B.C. – 150 A.D.) • built a wide trade network • exported ivory, animal skins, gold, perfume, slaves • developed an alphabet instead of hieroglyphics

5. 2. Axum (350 CE -600 CE) • Linked Africa, India, and the Mediterranean trade • Christianity spread through trade • Ancestors to present-day Ethiopians

6. II. Kingdoms of West Africa • People needed salt to survive in Africa’s hot climate. There was plenty of salt in the Sahara, but there was little in the savanna. So people trade salt for gold. • Strong West African rulers created powerful kingdoms by gaining control over the trade routes for salt and gold.

8. 1. Ghana (800-1000 CE) • Controlled gold-salt trade routes across West Africa • High status held by women • Muslim advisors to the king spread Islamic religion and learning

9. Camels were valued.

10. DON’T WRITE • These people called their chief ghana, or war chief. • By the 700s, the kingdom of Ghana was growing rich from taxing traders’ goods.

11. DON’T WRITE • Although rich in gold, West Africa lacked salt, which is essential to human life. • The Sahara contained deposits of salt.

12. DON’T WRITE In the Saharan village of Taghaza, workers built their houses from salt blocks because it was the only material available.

13. DON’T WRITE • Only the king had the right to own gold and salt. • The king limited the supply of gold and salt and kept prices from falling.

14. “The king…adorns himself… wearing necklaces and bracelets… The court of appeal is held in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses with gold embroidered trappings. Behind the king stand ten pages holding gold shields and swords.”

15. DON’T WRITE Decline of Ghana • In 1076, the Muslim Almoravids of North Africa conquered Ghana. • This badly disrupted the gold-salt trade, and Ghana never regained its power.

16. 2. Mali (1200-1450 AD)

17. Expanded influence over gold-salt trade routes

18. MansaMusa- • The greatest Mali emperor • He expanded borders to Atlantic Ocean • He converted Mali to Islam • He based justice system on the Koran • Famous hajj to Mecca formed political ties and spread news of Mali’s wealth

19. DON’T WRITE 2. Mansa Musa Expands Mali • Mansa Musa, a Muslim, next ruled Mali. • He was a skilled military leader whose 100,000 man army protected Mali. The great leader of Mali, Mansa Musa in a medieval manuscript

20. Under Mansa Musa, Mali expanded to twice its size. • Mali was divided into provinces for more effective rule.

21. 3. Islam and Mali • Mansa Musa went on a hajj to Mecca from 1324 to 1325. • When he returned, he ordered the building of new mosques at the trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao.

22. Timbuktu attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders, and scholars from far and wide to its mosques and universities. • Manuscripts were brought to Timbuktu to be sold.

23. 4. Ibn Battuta • In 1352, Ibn Battuta, a traveler and historian, visited Mali and was amazed at its lack of crime. • A devout Muslim, he praised Mali for their study of the Koran.

24. “They are seldom unjust, and have a greater hatred of injustice than any other people. Their sultan shows no mercy to anyone who is guilty of the least act of it. There is complete security in their country. Neither traveler nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers.”

25. Within 50 years of Ibn Battuta’s visit, Mali began to weaken. • Many leaders did not govern well, and the gold-salt trade shifted as new goldfields were developed.

26. 3. Songhai (1450-1600 CE) • Largest West African state • Controlled key trade routes and wealthy cities • Held traditional religious beliefs (animism, forces of nature) then adopted Islam

27. Set up efficient government and bureaucracy (separate departments) • Timbuktu-leading center of learning by 1400

28. DON’T WRITE Decline of Songhai • Despite its wealth, Songhai lacked modern weapons. • In 1591, a Morrocan fighting force equipped with gunpowder and cannons invaded Songhai.

30. Modern Africa

31. Kinshasa, Congo

32. Modern Cairo, Egypt at night

33. Hillbrow Tower The Hillbrow Tower is a tall tower located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. Construction for the tower began in June 1968 and was completed three years later in April 1971. The tower was constructed for what became Telkom, South Africa's largest telecommunications company. As the general height of buildings rose in the central business district, it was necessary that the new telephone tower had to stay above the general height of the tallest building.

34. Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The city and its surrounding area also forms the Nairobi Province. The name "Nairobi" comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nyirobi, which translates to "the place of cool waters".

35. Kampala, Uganda