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Business. Presentation groups Test Wednesday. DNA. Into the nucleus… Every person has unique DNA Mostly Most organisms have unique DNA. DNA. What is it? Instructions for building proteins Runs the development and operation of its organism Structure…. DNA.

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Business

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  1. Business • Presentation groups • Test Wednesday

  2. DNA • Into the nucleus… • Every person has unique DNA • Mostly • Most organisms have unique DNA

  3. DNA • What is it? • Instructions for building proteins • Runs the development and operation of its organism • Structure…

  4. DNA • One full set of an organism’s DNA is called its genome • Genomes are divided into chromosomes • We have 23 pairs • On each chromosome, there are genes • These are the functional units of DNA

  5. DNA • What is a gene? • Set of instructions to build one protein • Each gene is in a specific spot on a specific chromosome • Different versions of a gene are called alleles • The characteristic they affect is called the trait

  6. DNA • Humans and complexity • Book: “surely we must be more complex than an onion”

  7. DNA • What’s in between the genes on chromosomes? • “junk” DNA • Some of this is actually IN genes too • introns

  8. DNA • Every cell in your body has the same DNA • What’s different is which parts of the DNA are being used • Cells turn parts of DNA on/off depending on the signals they get from other cells

  9. Making proteins • DNA → mRNA → protein • Transcription: in nucleus • Translation: in cytoplasm

  10. Transcription • RNA polymerase (enzyme) • Binds to promoter on DNA • Unwinds DNA • Makes a copy of the gene • mRNA copy then edited and capped • mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore

  11. Translation • Ribosome! • The ribosome is the framework that holds the mRNA and tRNA and moves down the line • tRNA reads the mRNA in 3-base groups called codons, and attaches the coded amino acid • As ribosome moves down the line, protein is built, one codon (amino acid) at a time

  12. Transcription and translation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls

  13. Mutation • When the genetic sequence gets changed • A changed gene makes a changed protein • Can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial

  14. Mutation • If the mutation happens in somatic cells, it stays with you • If it happens in germ-line cells, it’s passed on to offspring

  15. Types of mutations • Base-pair substitution • Base-pair insertion/deletion • Gene deletion • Gene relocation • Gene duplication

  16. Causes of mutation • Spontaneous • Copying error • Radiation • UV, x-rays, etc… • Chemical • Smoking, industrial chemicals, etc…

  17. Next time… • Test!

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