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The Meanings of WWII. I. What the War was Not. A. Abandonment of the Jews Known by 1942 Henry Ford, “Dearborn Independent” “Protocols of the Elders of Zion” Asst. Sec’y State Breckenridge Long (weaken UN, Romania 70,000) Congress: reduced quotas for refugees
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I. What the War was Not A. Abandonment of the Jews • Known by 1942 • Henry Ford, “Dearborn Independent” “Protocols of the Elders of Zion” • Asst. Sec’y State Breckenridge Long (weaken UN, Romania 70,000) • Congress: reduced quotas for refugees • Public: 1938: 71-85% oppose increasing quotas; 1939: Kristallnacht 42.3% due to Jews’ “unfavorable characteristics”; Dec. 1944: majority aware cruelty: 12% untrue, 27% 100,000, 4% 5mil+ • Military: bomb w/in 50 miles Auschwitz
B. Ideological Vacuum • FDR: Four Freedoms (speech, worship, from want, from fear) • Most Americans: bring boys home • 94% opposed US intervention pre-PH
“He can’t be a combat man. He’s looking for a fight.” (Bill Mauldin, Stars and Stripes)
“I’m disgusted. I been in th’ infantry two days an’ I ain’t heard a shot.”
Politics of Sacrifice • Politics of sacrifice: only willing to give up if others do as well; sacrifice= not gaining too much • Only US improved econ
II. Race War A. Germany • Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews • T-4 Program: purify German race • Einsatzgruppen • Ordinary Men vs. Hitler’s Willing Executioners
B. Japan • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: anti-colonial empire independence from European powers • Japanese Monroe Doctrine • AAA: Japan the Leader of Asia, Japan the Protector of Asia, Japan the Light of Asia • Racial purity: “Yamamoto race”
Rape of Nanking • Dec. 1937-Mar. 1938: 6 Weeks of Horror • 260,000-350,000 civilians • 20-80,000 rapes • Forced incest • Nazi observers: “bestial machinery” • Part of US propaganda
C. United States • Many Americans: G distraction on way to Japan—annihilate for Pearl Harbor • Brainwashing/bad leaders vs. racial diff. • Anti-Nazi propaganda Double V, abandonment Social Darwinism
Caption: “Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Jap skull he sent her.” Life Magazine, 5/22/1944
D. War Without Mercy • Pacific worse Europe • Except Eastern Front • Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Bataan Death March, fire bombings • Kamikazes: knew Allies uninterested in prisoners • Allies ordered not to surrender (W. Churchill + D. MacArthur)
III. Power Politics • FDR + WC: Atlantic Charter • Territory, markets, resources, people • Hiroshima + Nagasaki: stop USSR?