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Contraception

Contraception. Contraception. Reversible sterilization Controlled by the individual Different methods Natural method Physical and chemical barriers Steroid analogues and antagonist. Natural methods. Coital methods No chemical/physical interventions

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Contraception

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  1. Contraception

  2. Contraception • Reversible sterilization • Controlled by the individual • Different methods • Natural method • Physical and chemical barriers • Steroid analogues and antagonist

  3. Natural methods • Coital methods • No chemical/physical interventions • Societal view of artificial interventions • Religious view of artificial interventions • Rhythm method • Avoiding coitus around the time of ovulation • First part of menstrual cycle • Based on menstrual cycle • Based on lifespan of oocyte and sperms

  4. Natural methods • Coital methods • Rhythm method • Avoiding coitus around the time of ovulation • Variation in body temperature during ovulation (0.2-0.6C increase) • Not as effective • Variation in the time of ovulation • 20 X less effective compared to oral contraceptions

  5. Natural methods • Coital methods • Coitus interruption • Withdraw of penis before ejaculation • Most common form of contraception • Not highly effective • Mutual masturbation and oral sex • No vaginal insemination • Reduced disease transmission

  6. Physical and chemical barriers • Condoms • Male • Most common form of mechanical contraception • Female • Protection of cervical os from coming in contact with semen after coitus

  7. Diaphragm • Similar to condom • Barrier between vagina and cervix • Use in combination with spermatocides • Control of fertility by females • Protection against inflammatory diseases • Needs training/practice for high efficiency

  8. Oral contraceptives • Chemical suppression of ovulation • Artificial steroid analogues • Longer half-life • Progesterone analogue with or without estrogens • Mimics pregnancy to some extend • Effectiveness • Duration of exposure • Types of steroids being used

  9. Use of progesterone-estrogen combination • Progesterone alone • Suppression of ovulation • Variable effectiveness • Addition of estrogens • Additional feedback • Increased progesterone effectiveness • Suppression of gonadotropin secretion • 21 days plus 7 day break • Removal of old endometrium

  10. Progesterone only contraceptives • Oral or injectable from • Suppression of ovulation • Abnormal ovarian activity • Less side effects compared to combination contraceptives • Higher chance on failure compared to combination • Strict regiments

  11. Side effects • Social • Psychological • Physiological • Some potential for developing life-threatening conditions • Blood clotting

  12. Morning-after pill • High dose of estrogen • Taken within 72 hours after the intercourse • Progesterone antagonist • RU 486

  13. Steroidal contraceptives for men • Suppression of gonadotropin secretion • Progesterone • GnRH analogue • Results in reduced androgen production • Reduced libido • Reduced masculine stimulation • Use of androgen • Health risks

  14. Future • Problems • Not technology • User issues • Immunological approach • Against hormones • Against sperms

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