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FOR IMAGING PROFESSIONALS

Radiation Safety & Protection. FOR IMAGING PROFESSIONALS. RADIATION. PROTECTION. Objectives. Be able to discuss dose limits and typical doses during different radiological procedures Be able to explain the relative risks of radiation

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FOR IMAGING PROFESSIONALS

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  1. Radiation Safety & Protection FOR IMAGING PROFESSIONALS

  2. RADIATION PROTECTION

  3. Objectives • Be able to discuss dose limits and typical doses during different radiological procedures • Be able to explain the relative risks of radiation • Have a knowledge of how to reduce radiation doses, especially to yourselves

  4. Over one year

  5. RADIOGRAPHIC UNITS & IMAGING TERMINOLOGY

  6. Exposure • measured in C/kg or Roentgen(R) • amount of charge (electrons) liberated per kilogram of Air (Ionization) • 1R = 2.58x10-4 C/Kg

  7. ABSORBED DOSE • measured in Gray (Gy) or Rad • amount of energy deposited/ absorbed per kilogram of tissue • 1Gy = 1 Joule/Kg • 100 Rad = 1 Joule/Kg • 1Rad = 1/100 Gy

  8. EFFECTIVE DOSE • - measured in Sieverts (Sv) or Rem • - amount of biological damage • - gives a measure dose as if received by the whole body • - used to equate dose to risk • 1Sv = 1 Joule/Kg • 100 Rem = 1 Joule/Kg • 1Sv = 1/100 Rem

  9. Typical Doses During Radiographic Exams

  10. Typical Doses During Radiographic Exams Generally 1 CT exam is equivalent to 20 mammos

  11. Summary of the National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements

  12. Summary of the National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements

  13. Typical Doses during Radiographic Examinations

  14. SOURCES OF RADIATION

  15. SOURCES OF RADIATION

  16. SCATTER RADIATION

  17. PEDIATRICS • More radiosensitive than adults due to sensitive cells and developing organs • Gonad shielding important • Radiographic examinations difficult: • Patient movement • Exposure technique more critical

  18. Typical Fluoroscopy Equipment setup

  19. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

  20. Effects of Ionizing Radiation

  21. HUMAN RESPONSES TO IONIZATION RADIATION EARLY EFFECTS

  22. HUMAN RESPONSES TO IONIZATION RADIATION LATE EFFECTS

  23. Effects of Ionizing Radiation Photograph of the patient’s back 6-8 weeks after multiple coronary angiography and angioplasty procedures. Photograph of the injury 16-21 weeks after the procedures. A small ulcerated area is present.

  24. Effects of Ionizing Radiation Photograph of the patient’s back 18-21 months after the procedures. Tissue necrosis is evident Close-up of the lesion shown in C

  25. Effects of Ionizing Radiation Photograph of the patient’s back after Grafting.

  26. Effects of Ionizing Radiation

  27. Stochastic Effects of Ionizing Radiation The probability of occurrance, but not the severity of the effect depends upon dose

  28. Stochastic Effects of Ionizing Radiation • cancer • birth defects • genetic effects

  29. Effects of Ionizing Radiation Based upon studies of Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors, statisticians predict that an effective dose of 10 mSv (1 rem) given to a population of one million would result in 400 additional cancer deaths!

  30. Effects of Ionizing Radiation • Radiogenic cancers have a 20+ year latency period • Radiologists during the first half of the twentieth century discovered this the hard way

  31. A.L.A.R.A. policy Radiation exposure of personnel and the general public should be kept AsLowAsReasonablyAchievable.

  32. A.L.A.R.A. policy • correct exposure factors • correct radiographic technique • appropriate radiation protection • appropriate development/viewing techniques • appropriate radiographic positions for examination • minimize repeat examinations • continuing education

  33. Qualifications for performing fluoroscopy Only a physician or a registered x-ray technologist under the direct supervision of a physician may perform fluoroscopy.

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