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Chapter 13. Creating Solutions. Objectives. Define ideation . Explain brainstorming, graphic organizers, and questioning. Describe a rough sketch. Describe a refined sketch. Summarize the procedure for creating sketches. Objectives. Identify the difference between shading and shadowing.
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Chapter 13 Creating Solutions
Objectives • Define ideation. • Explain brainstorming, graphic organizers, and questioning. • Describe a rough sketch. • Describe a refined sketch. • Summarize the procedure for creating sketches.
Objectives • Identify the difference between shading and shadowing. • Create an isometric sketch. • Produce an oblique sketch. • Explain and create a perspective sketch.
Think of ways the problem can be solved Develop many ideas Draw sketches for each idea Solving the Problem
Exploring Ideas • Ideation • Requires broad thinking • Develops a wide variety of ideas • Generates creative, original ideas
What are some ideas for a solution to the problem of designing a new telephone communication system? Discussion (Motorola, Inc.)
Creating many new ideas to solve problem All ideas are good ideas Ideation (Patent No. 5,050,855, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)
Ideation (Cont.) • Creative and imaginative process • Review problem and design brief • Review research conclusions • Record all ideas
Quiet place Outside Library Almost anywhere you can concentrate Necessary materials: Pencil Paper Optional materials: Magazines or books Music Environments for Ideation (Tony Gothard)
Discussion What environments do you work best in?
Methods of Ideation • Brainstorming • Graphic organizers • Questioning
Brainstorming • Used to develop many ideas • Not used to choose a final solution • Useful in small groups • Group builds off each other’s ideas • Generates unusual solutions • Criticism is not allowed (Product Development Technologies, PDT)
Discussion Why is brainstorming used only to generate ideas, instead of to choose a final solution?
Choose a leader and recorder Set a time limit Share design brief with group Share research conclusions Focus on problem Ask group for ideas List as many creative ideas as possible Make notes of all ideas developed Ask all group members for one final idea The Brainstorming Process
Discussion Why is it important to have a leader for brainstorming sessions?
Graphic Organizers • Help to organize thoughts • Make sure all features of the problem are considered • List all solutions on one sheet of paper
Creating a Graphic Organizer • Begin with blank sheet of paper • Write problem in middle and circle it • Create branches from circle • Fill branches with major features or functions of design • List possible designs for each function or feature under each branch
Questioning • Ask the question “Why?” • Ask why things are done the way they are in an existing product • Write questions down • Answer the questions
Discussion Which method of ideation would you most likely use to generate ideas? Why?
Limitations of Ideation • Ideation results in lists of solutions • Very difficult to describe an idea using a list • Hard to describe design solutions using only words
Sketching • Sketch helps describe an idea • Helps designers communicate ideas • Way to record thoughts on paper • Two steps of sketching • Design, preliminary, or rough sketching • Working, final, or refined sketching (Product Development Technologies, PDT)
Discussion Why do sketches make it easier to understand an idea?
Rough Sketches • Early stage of development • Do not show a lot of detail • Not important what the sketch is drawn on • Not concerned with the quality of the sketch • Purpose is getting the idea onto paper (Ford Motor Company)
Rough Sketches (Cont.) • Basic idea showing shapes and outlines (Ford Motor Company)
Also called thumbnail sketches Usually fairly small Several fit on one sheet Develop elements of design Size Shape Can be an idea for a complete solution or parts of the solution Rough Sketches (Cont.) (Design Central, design firm; Artromick International, Client)
Refined Sketches • Based on best ideas from rough sketches • Can focus on one rough sketch or combine several • Purpose is to narrow down design ideas • Several are created
Refined Sketches (Cont.) (DaimlerChrysler)
The Sketching Process • Visualize the object • Block out shapes • Add an outline • Draw design features (General Motors)
Visualizing the Object • No image of a new product to look at • Must “see” and “think” with a pencil • Two ways to see objects • In two dimensions • In three dimensions • Break the object down into basic shapes
Two-Dimensional Views • Orthographic drawings and sketches • See object in six views • Front • Top • Left side • Right side • Back • Bottom (Keith Nelson)
Three-Dimensional Views • Pictorial drawings • How the eye sees things • Major types: • Isometric drawings • Oblique drawings • Perspective drawings
All objects can be broken into basic shapes Box Cylinder Sphere Cone or pyramid Breaking Down the Idea (Sauder Woodworking, The Coca-Cola Company, American Baseball Company)
Discussion What are some examples of objects that are shaped like a box? Like a cylinder? Like a sphere? Like a cone or pyramid?
Blocking out Shapes • Drawing light lines for shapes • Lines serve as guidelines for sketch • Process: • Draw a vertical line • Draw two lines, about 30°, starting from bottom of line • Block shape into sketch • Each shape is blocked out differently
Most designs have more than one basic shape in them These sketches have several isometric axes Will not look much like the product yet Blocking out Combinations
Create an outline to add details Might include subtracting parts of shapes Outline is drawn darker than guidelines Adding an Outline
Add external features Not included in outline Help in understanding the sketch Help to set designs apart from one another Last step in rough sketching Drawing Design Features
Refining Techniques • Add more “life” to sketches • Make sketches appear more realistic • Most common techniques: • Shading • Shadowing • Show how objects would look in light • Add depth and dimension to flat sketches
Relies on a light source Need to determine which direction light is coming from Shading (Design Central, design firm; Ingenico, client)
Several techniques: Using different tones Dot method Line shading Shading (Cont.) (Keith Nelson)
Shadowing • Added after shading • Usually done with a pencil • Shadow is on opposite side of light source • Shadow follows rough shape of object
Sketches • Common types: • Isometric sketches • Oblique sketches • Perspective sketches • Used to create rough or refined sketches • All drawn using same basic process
Most popular type of pictorial sketch Show the front, top, and sides of object, as the eye sees them Use the isometric axis Drawn rough or detailed Created using shapes Isometric Sketches (Design Central, design firm; Artromick International, client)
Oblique Sketches • Only side view is at an angle • Show front view in its true shape • Process is similar to drawing isometric sketches