Sectional Conflict Intensifies

1. Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848-1860

2. Slavery and Western Expansion • Mexican American War results in huge new areas added to the U.S. • Question of whether slavery should be allowed in these new areas creates a major disagreement between North and South

3. Wilmot Proviso • Proposes that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in all land gained from Mexico. • South is outraged; this would throw off the balance of power between slave and free states and therefore potentially threaten slavery. • Bill passes in the House of Representatives, but Senate refuses to consider it.

4. Popular Sovereignty • Popular = People • Sovereignty = Power • Popular Sovereignty = Power lies with the people! • Idea is proposed so each territory decides on issue of slavery for itself. • Moves issue out of national politics

5. The Great Debate Begins • California Gold Rush makes CA eligible to become a state. • Dreading losing power in national politics, Sothern states begin to threaten secession, or removing their states from the United States, if California becomes a free state. • The Compromise of 1850 eases tensions over slavery and creates a temporary peace.

6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Most influential book of it’s time • Uncle Tom • Simon Legree • Hated in the South • Attempts to have banned • Lincoln meets her…

7. Fugitive Slave Act • Legal system totally set to whites • No rights for African-Americans • Only have to accuse and legal process starts • Law can compel whites to help with capture • Can be jailed if refuse • Most cause of defiance, civil disobedience • Violence often occurs

9. The pursuit…

10. Underground Railroad • Informal, well-organized set of activities meant to help slaves escape • Often to Canada (no Fugitive Slave laws) • Harriet Tubman and Levi Coffin as “conductors” • Dangerous work; often rewards offered

11. On the way to freedom

12. The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise of 1820 permanently outlawed slavery above the border of Missouri.

13. Kansas-Nebraska Act • In 1854, the Nebraska Territory is ready to become a state. • Because of the Missouri Compromise, it would become a free state. • The South is not okay with this.

14. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Senator Steven Douglass introduces the Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Would repeal the Missouri Compromise and question of slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty. • North wants Missouri Compromise to stay; South still fears it will become a free state.

15. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Douglass proposes splitting the territory into two states; Kansas and Nebraska with the idea that Kansas would be a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state, thus preserving the balance between free and slave states. • Congress passes this Act in 1854. • This makes the North furious.

17. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Kansas rushed by pro-slavery Missourians and anti-slavery Northern settlers • Two ‘governments’, two constitutions proposed • Civil war erupts • “Bleeding Kansas” • Sack of Lawrence

18. Bleeding Kansas

19. The caning of Charles Sumner • May 1856: Senate debate becomes bitter and personal • Charles Sumner (MA) accuses pro-slavery senators of forcing Kansas into slave-state • Singles out Andrew Butler (SC) and say he had “chosen a mistress…the harlot Slavery” • Two days after, Representative Preston Brooks (SC) attack with cane • Many see as hero and send inscribed canes

20. Brooks and Sumner

21. Chapter 10Sectional Conflicts Section 3 The Crisis Deepens

22. Key events and need2knows… • 1854: Formation of the Republican Party • What parties made up the Republican Party? • 1857: Dred Scott decision • What was ruling and what was its significance? • 1858: Rejection of the Lecompton Constitution • Why was the proposed constitution rejected? • 1858: Lincoln-Douglas Debates • What were the two significant results of the debates? • 1859: John Brown’s Raid • How did the raid and resulting trial and execution result in an increase in sectional conflict?

23. Whigs Liberty Democrats Northern Whigs Southern Whigs Free-soil Northern Democrats Southern Democrats Republicans American Party Southern Democrats Birth of the Republican Party

24. Whigs Liberty Democrats Northern Whigs Southern Whigs Free-soil Northern Democrats Southern Democrats Republicans American Party Southern Democrats Resulting antebellum parties

25. The Dred Scott Decision • Facts • Dred Scott was slave whose owner travelled and lived in free states and territories • Brings suit claiming he is free due to living in free states and territories • Case goes to USSC 1857 • Dred Scott v. Sanford

26. Decision • USSC find 6-3 in favor of Sanford; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney finds: • No slave or descendant is, or can be, a citizen • As not a citizen, cannot sue in federal court; no jurisdiction • Time on free soil not make free • Under Fifth Amendment, cannot deprive of property without due process; slave is property • U.S. Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in any territory; Missouri Compromise unconstitutional • Only second such ruling in U.S. history • What was first??

27. Reactions • Anti-slavery North incensed • See as part of plan to extend slavery • Dismiss parts of ruling as obiter dictum: Latin, ‘said by the way…’ • Pro-slavery South see vindication • Radicals see tools to extend slavery • Splits Democrats along sectional lines • Encourages secessionists to demand more

28. Rejection of Lecompton Constitution • Kansas territory wishes to become state • Lecompton Constitution submitted for ratification 1858 • Pro-slavery • Multiple ratification votes • Rejected (finally…) • Kansas not become state until 1861

29. Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858) • Illinois Republicans pick Abraham Lincoln to run against incumbent Stephen A. Douglas (Dem) for Senate • Series of seven debates • “A house divided…” speech • Lincoln lose, but… • Gains national prominence • Republican party position spelled out

30. Is it ever right to break the law?

31. John Brown • Son of abolitionist • Underground railroad activities • To Kansas to help sons & free-soil activities (1855) • Urge action rather than words; too timid • Sack of Lawrence, caning of Sumner, death of father • Pottawatomie Creek Massacre (1856) • Osawatomie: defends against “Border Ruffians” attacks • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMuwzimDeZ8&NR=1

32. John Brown’s Raid—1859 • Plan to seize federal arsenal, Harpers Ferry • Arm enslaved; lead insurrection

34. John Brown’s Raid—1859 • Plan to seize federal arsenal, Harpers Ferry • Arm enslaved; lead insurrection • Attack with 18, seize arsenal • U.S. responds • R. E. Lee leads • Captured • Tried, convicted, hung as traitor to Virginia

36. John Brown’s Raid—1859 “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with Blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done.” Dec 2, 1859

37. Reaction…in North • Initially, many appalled over methods • Communications from jail indicate calm, assurance of having done right • Strong support from abolitionist supporters • Whittier, Emerson, Alcott, Thoreau, Douglass, Melville, Tubman • Church bells toll when hung • Becomes martyr; songs, poems

38. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enz7XsKfRlw

39. Reaction…in South • Extreme anger and condemnation • Execution closely guarded; limited viewers • R.E. Lee; T.J. Jackson; J.E.B. Stuart; J.W. Booth • View reaction of North as “proof” of intent to destroy Southern way of life • Name was often used as substitute for profanity

40. Did John Brown fail ??

41. Creative writing assignment • Assume you are a newspaper reporter that has been given an opportunity to interview John Brown just before his execution. • Prepare a news account for your paper that describes what he might have said about • Why he led the raid • What he thought he might have accomplished • How he feels about the future of slavery in the U.S.

42. Bellwork… • What political party was formed by the remnants of the Whigs, Free-soiler’s, and the American Party? • What were the two basic rulings in the (USSC) Dred Scott v. Sanford case? • What was the outcome of John Brown’s raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry? • Who was the commanding officer of the American military force sent to put down the attack on Harper’s Ferry?

43. The Union Dissolves Section 4

44. The Election of 1860 • John Brown’s raid is turning point • Republicans denounce raid, but South equates Republicans with anti-slavery agitation • Democrats begin process of selecting a candidate for election

45. Democrats Split • Northern Democrats pick Stephen Douglas • Popular sovereignty • Southern Democrats pick John C. Pickering • Dred Scott and slave code for territories • Constitutional Union Party (new) pick John Bell • Uphold Constitution and union

46. Republicans Unite • Select Lincoln as candidate • Broad appeal • Denounce extremist positions • Win, sweeping the North

47. Election of 1860—Results

48. Secession • Starts with South Carolina • Followed by Lower South • Mississippi • Georgia • Alabama • Louisiana • Texas • Florida • Seize Federal property, arms, munitions

49. Last Attempts at Compromise • John Crittenden propose amendments to Constitution • Rejected by Republican congress • Virginia propose a peace conference • No secession states attend • Plans weak; rejected • February 1861: Confederacy formed • Jefferson Davis is selected as President

50. Jefferson Davis