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AY202a Galaxies & Dynamics Lecture 1: Introduction Organization, History, Basic Cosmology

AY202a Galaxies & Dynamics Lecture 1: Introduction Organization, History, Basic Cosmology. Prof. John Huchra, P309 TA Joseph Munoz, P203 JPH’s Assistant Lisa Catella, P324 M+W 10:00 - 11:30 Observatory Classroom. Course Outline & Structure. Introduction (4 Lectures)

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AY202a Galaxies & Dynamics Lecture 1: Introduction Organization, History, Basic Cosmology

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  1. AY202a Galaxies & DynamicsLecture 1: IntroductionOrganization, History, Basic Cosmology Prof. John Huchra, P309 TA Joseph Munoz, P203 JPH’s Assistant Lisa Catella, P324 M+W 10:00 - 11:30 Observatory Classroom

  2. Course Outline & Structure Introduction (4 Lectures) Structure & Dynamics (6 Lectures) Masses & Omega (2 Lectures) Galaxy Nuclei & AGN (3 Lectures) Clustering (LSS) (5 Lectures) Formation & Evolution (3 Lectures) Extragalactic Distances (1 Lecture)

  3. Resources, PS, Grading etc. Website: www.cfa.harvard.edu/~huchra/ay202 will have PS, Solutions, Schedules, References Problem Sets approximately every 2 weeks (6 total) ~ one per major section. Take home Final Exam, tentatively due Dec 14 Grades: PS 50% Exam 40% Class 10% Sections: TBA, Office hours by appointment Paper of the Week --- Classic or Recent ArXiv

  4. Texts Extragalactic Astronomy & Cosmology, 2006, P. Schneider (Berlin: Springer). Galactic Dynamics, 2008, J. Binney & S. Tremaine, (Princeton: Princeton) Galactic Astronomy}, 1998, J. Binney & M. Merrifield (Princeton: Princeton). Coop, Amazon or JPH’s booksellers list.

  5. A Protagonist

  6. How Astronomers See the World

  7. “My Work is to Stare into Space” IAU, Commissions 27, 30 & 40 Teamsters, Local 560 (Newark, NJ) Another Protagonist

  8. A Brief History of Extragalactic Astronomy: ~ 1750 Early Rumblings of “Island Universes” from I. Kant, T. Wright, P. Laplace. This seems to have been forgotten soon after. 1800’s Catalogs of “Things” but no understanding. de la Caille, Messier, Herschel3, Dreyer William, Caroline & John ~ 1875The Discovery of the Galaxy --- Kapteyn’s Universe 1890’s Galaxy Photography (Keeler)

  9. The Sun R.Pogge 2007

  10. 1910 Removal of the Solar-Centric view 1900-1920 Shapley and the Great Debate 1907 Bohlin --- M31 Parallax 1918 Van Maanen --- M31 Parallax 1885 S Andromeda = SN1885a Large reflectors + Photographic Plates 1912 Galaxy Spectra (Slipher) 1920 The Shapley-Curtis debate Shapley + Globular Clusters + Cepheids 1924 Hubble & the Hooker --- NGC 6822 Cepheids, eventually M31 Cepheids

  11. Shapley’s “Universe” Milky Way

  12. 1910-1930 Theory! Einstein, Friedmann, deSitter, Lemaitre, Tolman, Robertson … 1922 Opik’s M31 Mass-to-Light ratio L = 4πr2  GMm/r = ½ mv2 M = ½ v2r/G, r =  D so M/L = ½ and Opik estimated D of M31 at 450 kpc. v21 1 G  4πD

  13. 1929Hubble (+Slipher) à Velocity-Distance Law • 1930’s Hubble’s Classification Scheme for Galaxies (Tuning Fork Diagram) • N.B. Absolutely necessary but wrong interpretation, set galaxy evolution back 20 years! • Hubble’s Galaxy Counts (Humason) • Zwicky & Smith DARK MATTER • 1940’s Galactic Dust, Stellar Populations, Hubble Diagram

  14. 1948 Gamow & the Hot Big Bang 1950’s deVaucouleurs’ Local “Supergalaxy” Rubin: Flows Dicke: CMB HMS Velocities + Hubble Diagram Baade & Sandage: H0 revisions Minkowski: Radio galaxies 1960’s The Hubble Constant Debate “On the Ability of the 200” to Distinguish Among World Models” Tinsley: Stellar Evolution --> Galaxy Evolution

  15. Greenstein & Schmidt: Quasars Arp: Peculiar Galaxies Spinrad &Taylor : Population Synthesis Page: Galaxy Masses 1970’s Stability & Halos (Toomre) Starbursts H0!!! q0!!! First Feeble Redshift Surveys CMB Dipole

  16. 1970’sGalaxy Clusters & X-Rays Gravitational Lenses Galaxy Formation 1980’s Large-Scale Structure Large Scale Flows & Cold Dark Matter Rise of “SCDM” Galaxy Counts H0!!!! IRAS & Dusty Starbursts

  17. 1990’s COBE: 2.723 K + fluctuations Biased Galaxy Formation Unified AGN Models Λ!!!!! (who’d a thunk it!) Start of Concordance Cosmology HST and Galaxy Evolution 2000+ The Cosmic Web GRB’s Final fall of “SCDM” Re-ionization & First Light?

  18. COSMOLOGY is a modern subject: The basic framework for our current view of the Universe rests on ideas and discoveries (mostly) from the early 20th century. Basics: Einstein’s General Relativity The Copernican Principle Fundamental Observations & Principles

  19. Fundamental Observations: The Sky is Dark at Night (Olber’s P.) The Universe is Homogeneous on large scales (c.f. the CMB) The Universe is generally Expanding The Universe has Stuff in it, and the stuff is consistent with a hot origin: Tcmb = 2.725o

  20. Olber’s Paradox HST UDF BLANK SPACE

  21. COBE Fluctuations dt/t < 10-5, i.e. much smoother than a baby’s bottom!

  22. Hubble’s Discovery of Expansion

  23. Stuff

  24. Reading Assignment For next Wednesday (we’re off Monday) “Extragalactic Nebulae” by Edwin Hubble, ApJ 64, 321 (1926) Read, Outline,be prepared to discuss Hubble’s major findings and conclusions.

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