Drifting Toward Disunion

1. Drifting Toward Disunion Chapter 19

2. Essential Question? • To what extent did differing opinions on slavery as well as the institution’s expansion become a deciding factor in instituting a Civil War?

3. “So you’re the little lady who wrote the book that made this great war.” • 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Told of cruelties of slavery. • Popular in North and Europe • South banned- protested that Stowe lied and didn’t really know slavery • 1857: Hinton Helper publishes The Impending Crisis of the South • Southerner who hated slavery and AA • “Poor whites are the ones hurt by slavery” • Both books increased the division between North and South

4. Bleeding Kansas • After the Kansas-Nebraska Act abolitionists from the north and pro-slavery southerners began to flood into Kansas. • Vote on popular sovereignty would decide future of slavery in Kansas • Vote was won by pro-slavery forces who outnumbered free soilers’ • Both sides established competing governments and claimed to be legitimate. • 1856: pro-slavery forces attacked and burned free soil Lawrence; tensions rise

5. Sack of Lawrence

6. Meet John Brown • Hardcore abolitionist • Little –bit crazy • Upset over Sack of Lawrence • Led a sneak attack on pro-slavery forces at Pottawatomie Creek to seek revenge. • Murdered 5

7. Bleeding Kansas • Civil war (1856!) in Kansas pro-slavery v. abolition • 1857: Kansas applies for statehood • Lecompton Constitution- proposed state constitution that would have allowed slavery. • Don’t forget popular sovereignty!!! • Abolitionists boycott vote on Lecompton Constitution, with only pro-slavery people voting it was approved.

8. Division of Democrats • Struggle over Kansas divides Democrats. • Party really splits into to separate parties • Northern Democrats • Southern Democrats • No other powerful national party exists at this time!

9. Brooks v. Sumner • Sen. Sumner( North, abolitionist) insults a Senator from SC. • Rep. Brooks (South, pro-slavery) takes offense, decides to seek revenge. • 1856: Brooks beats Sumner senseless with cane. • Brooks a hero in the South. • Sumner would take 3 years to recover, but also became a hero for the abolitionist cause.

10. Sumner-Brooks Incident

11. 1856 Election • Bleeding Kansas shaped the 1856 election. • Stephan Douglas expected the nomination, but his support of K-N Act made him controversial. • Democrats chose James Buchanan, Ambassador to the UK, who had nothing to do with K-N.

12. Emergence of the Republicans • Platform – anti extension of slavery • Chose John C. Fremont (hero from Mexican War) as 1st presidential candidate. • Drew support from former Whigs and Free-Soiliers.

13. 3rd Party • Remember the Know-Nothings (American)? • Anti-immigrant party • Selected former president Millard Fillmore as candidate

14. 1856 ElectionImportance: Republicans make an impressive showing.

15. Buchanan Timeline • 1857: Dred Scott v. Sanford • Panic of 1857 • 1858 • Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1859 • Harpers Ferry • 1860 • Election of Abraham Lincoln • SC secedes from union • Crittenden Compromise • 1861 • Formation of Confederate States of America

16. Dred Scott v. Sanford • 1857: A slave (Scott) was taken by his owner (Sanford) into a free state. • Scott sued claiming that he was free because he stepped foot on free ground. • Supreme Court is controlled by southerners, what will be the outcome?

17. Scott v. Sanford • Chief Justice Taney • Slaves are not citizens, can’t sue, so the case was thrown out. • Based on 5th Amendment, property can’t be taken away from citizens. • No state, or the federal government can make laws that prohibit slavery.

18. Importance • Dred Scott was a major setback for abolitionists and free-soilers. • Overruled Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, and Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Stated that popular sovereignty does not have a constitutional basis. • South cheered, north jeered.

19. Panic of 1857 • High levels of California gold cause inflation. • North hit hard, severe recession. • South supported by high demand for cotton. • South believes that nothing could stop King Cotton! • Tariff of 1857 was the lowest in 50 years. • South likes, north hates.

20. Honest Abe • Born in Kentucky, lived in Indiana and Illinois. • Poor, self-educated. • Hardworking, suffered from depression. • Became a lawyer and great speaker. • 1 term congressman (Spot-Resolution)

21. Lincoln- Douglas Debates • Lincoln challenged incumbent Stephan Douglas in 1858. • Meet for a series of debates. • Douglas championed the “Freeport Doctrine” – despite Dred Scott, he believed that pop. Sovereignty was the true way to solve slavery issue. • Douglas wins, but debates make Lincoln a national name and prime candidate in 1860!

22. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Turn to page 421

23. Remember Me? • Still upset, and crazy, John Brown has a new plan – Invade the south, arm the slaves and lead a history changing rebellion. • 1859: Brown and his followers attack and seize a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA. • Buchanan sends the marines, led by Robert E. Lee , to capture Brown. • Brown was convicted of treason, executed.

24. John Brown

25. “I’ll be John Brown” • Importance • Brown becomes a martyr for abolitionists. • South fears other attacks by northerners trying to free slaves.

26. Democrats Divide 1860 Northern Democrats Southern Democrats John Breckinridge Slavery in territories Annexation of Cuba • Stephan Douglas • Popular sovereignty • Continuation of Fugitive Slave Law

27. Constitution Party • Platform – “Do nothing, Constitution is fine as it is” • No mention of slavery • Select John Bell as candidate

28. Republicans Pick Lincoln • Platform • Free-soil for western settlers • Nonextension of slavery • Pro-tariff • Full rights for immigrants • Northern transcontinental RR • Internal improvements

29. 1860 Election

30. Southern Reaction • If Democrats had run together, they would have easily won. • Lincoln had the White House, but Democrats still controlled Supreme Court, Congress, and the Constitution protected slavery! • But for many southerners it was time for a change. • SC celebrated, had an excuse to secede!

31. Southern Exodus • December 1860: SC legislature votes unanimously to secede. • Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas follow in early 1861. • These states met in Alabama to create a new constitution, and select Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederate States of America.

32. Buchanan Does Nothing • Remember- Lincoln isn’t president yet! • Buchanan in power until March, 1861. • Did not believe South had the power to secede, but did nothing to prevent it. • Did not increase the size of the army (South was already building theirs).

33. 1 Last Shot • Sen. James Crittenden proposes a compromise • New Amendment to the Constitution • 36 30’ would be written into the Constitution as the official dividing line of slavery. • Crittenden was no Henry Clay, and the attempt failed.

34. South Waves Farewell • President Davis “ all we ask is to be let alone’” • Most southerners felt that Yankees wouldn’t be willing to fight. • Also felt that northern manufactures were dependent on cotton, would not risk upsetting south. • World History- Late 1800s = rise in nationalism, countries like Germany and Italy were forming, South felt no different.

35. Essential Question? • To what extent did differing opinions on slavery as well as the institution’s expansion become a deciding factor in instituting a Civil War?