Safety and Rules of the Lab

1. Safety and Rules of the Lab

2. Safety Symbols • Know safety symbols • They appear in your laboratory activities • They will alert you to possible dangers • They will remind you to work carefully

3. Use Your Head • Exercise Caution and Good Judgment • Follow all instructions given by the teacher • Notify the teacher immediately regarding any accident or unsafe areas

4. Use Your Head • Read lab instructions ahead of time • Always follow lab procedures exactly • Never do an unauthorized experiment

5. Protect YourselfEye Safety • Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals, flames, or heating devices • or if possibility of flying debris • If you wear contact lenses let your teacher know

6. Protect YourselfEye Safety • In case of emergency in which a chemical goes into one’s eye, use the eyewash station (15 min.)

7. Protect YourselfProper Attire • Keep all long hair tied back • Do not wear loose clothing that could catch on fire • Foot wear that completely covers the foot is required

8. Protect YourselfHand Safety • If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes • Wash hands after every lab • Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully

9. Protect YourselfHand Safety

10. Sharp Objects • Always cut away from fingers and body • Always carry sharp objects with points and tips facing down and away • Never try to catch falling sharp instruments • Grasp sharp instruments only by the handles

11. Sharp Objects • Notify teacher if you get cut • Broken glass and sharp objects do not go in trash cans • Teacher will clean up broken glass

12. Electrical Safety • Only electrical plugs are to be placed into an electrical outlet • Unplug electrical equipment after use • Keep all electrical cords, wires, and appliances away from water

13. Physical Safety • Handle all equipment carefully • Do not place a cord wheresomeone can trip over it • Push all stools in out of the way • Keep books picked up out of walking isles

14. Heating Safety • Tie back hair and looseclothes when workingwith open flames • Never look into a container as you are heating it • Never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others • Never heat in a closed container

15. Heating Safety • Never leave a heat source unattended • Heated metal and glass looks cool, use tongs or gloves before handling • Do not place hot glassware directly on lab desk or in cold water

16. Chemical Safety • Read all labels twice before removing a chemical from the container • Only use the type and amount of chemicalinstructed to use • Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed by the teacher • Never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so

17. Chemical Safety • Transfer chemicals carefully! • Keep lids on chemical containers when not in use • When diluting an acid, pour the acid into water • Consider all chemicals dangerous

18. Animal Safety • Only handle living organisms with teacher permission • Always treat livingorganisms humanely • Wash your hands after handling animals

19. Treatment of Specimen • Respect the life of all laboratory specimen • They gave their life for your education

20. Plant Safety • Do not eat any plants in lab • Wash your hands after handling plants • Tell your teacher of any plant allergies • Like any organism, plants should be considered possibly harmful

21. You Should Never… • Enter store room unless given permission • Take any chemicals from lab or store room • Touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until instructed to do so

22. You Should Never… • Eat or drink in the lab • Use lab glass-ware to eat or drink out of

23. You Should Never… • Engage in…. • practical jokes • horse play • rough house

24. In case of an emergency… • Know the locations of: • fire extinguisher • fire blanket • body shower • eyewash station • first aid kit • If you spill a harmful chemical on yourself or in your eyes, start rinsing immediately and send your partner to get teacher’s help

25. Remember to… • Stay at your work station • Maintain a clean work area • Read and follow all directions • Report any spills, accidents, or injury to the teacher immediately • Clean and put away all equipment at the end of thelab period • Dispose of waste products according to instruction

26. So Do It Right!

27. Dissection Terms • Anterior: Towards the front • Posterior: Towards the rear • Ventral: Towards the belly • Dorsal: Towards the backbone • Superior: Towards the top • Inferior: Towards the bottom • Medial: Towards the middle • Lateral: Towards the side

28. Prone Position

29. Scalpel

30. Probe

31. Dissecting Pins

32. Dissecting Pan

33. EARTH WORM

34. Earthworms • Terrestrial animals inhabiting the moist soil. • Usually found in the upper layer of soil to a depth of 30-40cm. • Nocturnal (active at night) • During rainy season they come out and crawl on the ground. • During winter they close the burrows by leaves and debris.

35. Earthworms Cont. • There are about 500 species of earthworms. • Earthworms are hermaphroditic (have both male and female reproductive organs). • Some earthworms have the ability to regenerate their lower halves if they are cut off.

36. EARTHWORM Body Segments Prostomium Peristomium • 14-16 segments: Clitellum Glandular tissue covering • Metameres 100-120 • Dorsal side- dark mid dorsal line • Ventral side- genital openings • Ant. End- Mouth, Prostomium, Peristomium

37. Body apertures • Spermathecal Pores • Female genital Pores • Male genital pores • Nephridiopores • Dorsal pores • Anus

38. INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY Cuticle, Epidermis, Two muscle layers, Coelomic Epithelium The body wall is covered externally by a thin non-cellular cuticle. It is followed by two muscle layers and an inner most coelomic epithelium.The epidermis consists of single layer of columnar cells.Secretory gland cells are also found among the columnar cells

39. All segments except first and last bear a ring of microscopic S-shaped chitinous setae ,help in locomotion.by gripping on the soil T.S. of bodywall showing Setae

40. Digestive system It is a straight tube and runs from the first to the last segments. It consists of mouth(peristomium),buccal cavity , pharynx, oesophagus,a muscular gizzard, stomach, intestine and anus

41. Circulatory system In earthworm ,the circulation is closed type.The circulatory system consists of heart, blood vessels, capillaries and blood glands

42. Excretory system • Nephridia Segmentally arranged nephridia are the excretory organs. There are three types of nephridia septal, integumentary and pharyngeal.

43. NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system consists of segmentally arranged ganglia and a ventral nerve cord. A ganglion is a mass of nerve cells. Nerve ring Ventral Nerve cord Sense Organs

44. Reproductive system Earthworm is hermaphrodite or bisexual . • Male reprodutive organs • Testis • Seminal vesicles • Semimal funnels • Vasa differentia • Prostate glands

45. Female reproductive system • Ovaries • Oviduccal funnels • Oviducts • Spermatheca surendranaduthila@gmail.com

46. Mouth

47. Sperm Duct

48. Clittelum

49. Mouth Pin your worm at the tip of the mouth and at its midpoint.

50. Continue your cut to the mouth Start your incision 2 cm behind the clittelum. Make sure not to cut too deeply.