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Vowel Points. Dots, Dashes, and other Fun Marks. History of the Hebrew Language. South Semitic. Northeastern Semitic. Northwest Semitic. Arabic Ethiopian. Old Akkadian Babylonian Assyrian. Mari tablets Ugarit tablets Amarna letters. Canaanite. Aramaic. Silver Scroll Amulet.
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Vowel Points Dots, Dashes, and other Fun Marks
History of the Hebrew Language
South Semitic Northeastern Semitic Northwest Semitic • Arabic • Ethiopian • Old Akkadian • Babylonian • Assyrian • Mari tablets • Ugarit tablets • Amarna letters Canaanite Aramaic
Silver Scroll Amulet Gezer Calendar Hezekiah Tunnel Inscription
Hebrew Developments Vowel markers added by Massortes Qumran scrolls show evidence of other sorts of vowel markers Massoretic text does not show evidence of attempts to iron out textual difficulties
Fr Gd s lvd th wrld tht h gv hs ‘nly bgttn sn tht whvr blvs ‘n hm shld nt prsh bt hv ‘trnl lf
' “A” as in Father Kamets A < Pathah ; _' “A” as in Hat ; Seghol e “E” as in Met E “E” as in They Tsere . I “I” as in Machine Hirek A u O Holem “O” as in Roll Shurek “U” as in Put U W Kibbuts “U” as in True
Pathah < _' ' ; ; Kamets Seghol e . A Tsere Holem W . u Kibbuts Hirek Shurek
tyIB; - “House” Hirek Pathah
%v,xo; - “Darkness” Seghol B Aramaic word for “cluster” (of grapes)
ba' Father
~d'a' Man
ha' Brother
vyai Man
tyIB; House
!Be Son
rh; Mountain
bAj Good
~Ay Day
lAq Voice
~ve Name
yr;f' Sarai
~Wxn" Nahum
!roh]a; Aaron
qx'c.yI Issac
hmol{v. Solomon
tyMil;Wv Shulamite
ha'le Leah
!yIq; Cain
hy"[.v;y> Isaiah
rm'T' Tamar
![;n"K. Canaan
~yIr'c.mi Egypt
rWa Ur
lb,B' Babylon
ba'Am Moab
!ADgIm. Megiddo
~l;iv'Wry> Jerusalem
~r'a] Aram
!Der>y: Jordan
~yhil{a/ ar'B' tyviareB. God He created In Beginning taew> ~yIm;V'h; tae and the Heavens `#r,a'h; the Earth
hf,[]n: ~yhil{a/ rm,aYOw: We will make God And He said Wnmel.c;B. ~d'a' In our image man WnteWmd>K'' Like our likeness
^n>yBe tyvia' hb'yaew> Between you I will put And enmity !ybeW hV'aih' !ybeW And between And between The woman H['r>z: !ybeW ^[]r>z: And between Your seed Her seed
bqo[]y: aWh ^p.Wvy> hT'a;w> varo he will bruise your and you head He `bqe[' WNp,WvT. you will bruise his heel
Whbow" Whto ht'y>h' #r<a'h'w> x:Wrw> ~Aht. ynEP.-l[; %v,xow> ynEP.-l[; tp,x,r:m. ~yhil{a/ ~yIM'h;
rAa yhiy> ~yhil{a/ rm,aYOw: rAa-yhiy>w:
rAah'-ta, ~yhil{a/ ar>Y:w: ~yhil{a/ lDEb.Y:w: bAj-yKi %v,xoh; !ybeW rAah' !yBe