How to Write the Introduction

1. How to Write the Introduction Group Members:

2. 目录 1、引言及其作用 2、如何写引言 3、引言部分的语言特征 4、总结

3. 1.引言及其作用 1.1 什么是引言 1.2 为什么要写引言 1.3 引言的作用 1.4 何时写引言

4. What is Introduction? Introduction is the first sectionof a scientific paper, including the background information of the research, the nature and scope of the problem investigated.

5. Why do we have to write an introduction? Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your readers to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper.

6. The function of Introduction To answer the basic questions Why How What Why I (we) carried out the experiment, that is to say, what is the problem? How do we solve the problem? What is the subject about ?

7. When do we write the introduction? Many books recommend writing your introduction last, after you finish your project. This is to make sure that you introduce what you are actually going to say.

8. 2.如何写引言 • 2.1 引言的组成 • 2.2 引言的特点 • 2.3 引言的结构与布局 • 2.4 引言实例

9. The content of an Introduction 1.The background information 2.The relevant literature 3.The nature,scope,purpose and significance of the problems investigated 4.The method to tackle the problems 5.The results of the investigation 6.The conclusions suggested by the results 7.The explanation and definition of terms or abbreviations

10. Basic requirement Introduction Brevity Clarity Attraction

11. The first layer The second layer The third layer The fourth layer Structural Layout of Introduction 1.1Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development 1.2 Reviewing previous research in this area Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question Specifying the purpose of your research 4.1 Announcing your major findings 4.2 Outlining the contents of your paper

12. One Template a) 题X是重要的。 b) 前人的工作A、B曾经研究过这个问题。 c) A、B有一些缺陷。 d) 我们提出了方法D。 e) D的基本特征，和A、B进行比较。 f) 实验证明D比A、B优越。 g) 研究前景。

13. article structure The author’s research Research method The background information

14. 3.引言部分的语言特征 • 3.1 引言部分的时态与语态 • 3.2 引言部分常用的句型 • 3.3 引言部分常用的词语 • 3.4 引言部分的注意事项

15. Tense and Voice in Introduction

16. Present Tense The present tense (is, are) is used when stating generalizations or conclusions. e.g.1： This paper is organized as follows. e.g.2： In this paper, we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission……

17. Present Perfect Tense When describing recent advances in a certain research field, or aiming to emphasize the impact of something happening recently on the present, you are suggested to use present perfect tense. e.g.1: This approach has been exploited by Cadambe and Jafar in……. e.g.2: The authors have shown that the maximum achievable DoF（degrees of freedom自由度）in the K-user time-varying single-input single-output (SISO,单输入单输出)

18. Future Tense Sometimes, in the sentence including the objective of the research, Simple Future Tense is recommended. e.g.1: In Section III, however, we will argue that generic matrices, namely, samples from the Gaussian unitary ensemble obey (1.10) for relatively large values of S. e.g.2: We are confident that finer arguments and perhaps new ideas will allow to derive versions of Theorem 1.5 with better bounds.

19. Voice 在学术论文中,我们可能经常会被是否可以使用we（我们）或I（我）的问题困扰。关于这点，一点要区分we在这里指代什么。一般来说，作者使用we提及作者的研究团队而不是泛指人类群体。 e.g.1： In this paper, we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission, and we try to modify the design in order to achieve higher sumrate（和速率） performance in the practical SNR region.（主动语态，we不泛指人群，而是作者所属研究团队）

20. 如果需要提及人类群体的认知状态，最好使用被动结构的句子，如：“It is know/though that…“，而不是用“We know/think that…”。引言部分中，多使用被动语态，而不是主动语态we，尤其是中心的“报告”部分（was conducted，was designed等）。 e.g.1 This scheme has been designed to achieve the asymptotic capacity in the IC……（被动语态） e.g.2 This new approach of interference management has been named IA.（被动语态）

21. exercise 1、Brown (1998) ____ the importance of time management both when preparing for and actually sitting examinations. A. conclude B.concludes C.stress D.stresses 2、For some years there has been an awarenrss of the dangers of Salmon farming in Scottish Lochs, and several studies(see e.g., Brown [2000], Maclnnes[2002]) ____ potential risks. A.indicate B.have indicate C.claim D.have claimed

22. 3、In the Canadian study "Primary School French," researchers_____ a clear association between language proficiency and parental income (Lefebvre et al.1999). A.stated B.have stated C.demonstrated D.have demonstrated answer: 1.D 2.B 3.C

23. sentence pattern in Introduction

24. Sentence pattern in Introduction The primary rule is to keep in scientific style Preciseness Logical and Thinking Clarity Conciseness

25. Sentence pattern Use some common sentence patterns in the introduction. Vocabulary & Abbreviation: Make sure that your expression is clear, precise and concise.

26. 1、建立议题中心及概括议题内容的常用句型有：1、建立议题中心及概括议题内容的常用句型有： • ... is a central issue in … • his development of … is a typical/common problem in … • For a long time ,it has been the case that... • Most accounts/reports/publications claim/maintain that …

27. Example e.g.1: However, According to studies,all mobile communication standards still include a SISO transmission mode .（建立议题中心） e.g.2: In our contributions, we firstly introduce a way to optimize the precoding subspaces at all transmitters, exploiting the fact that channel matrices in the IA model are diagonal. Two solutions are derived; the first is achieved iteratively using projected gradient descent method, the second is a closed-form solution that avoids the numerical computation, thus, resulting in a very low computational complexity. Secondly, we propose to optimize the precoding vectors at each transmitter within its precoding subspace. To this end, we combine each IA precoder with a new combination precoder.（概括议题内容）

28. 2、回顾先前研究结果的常用句型：: • Ample(丰富的) researches have been conducted regarding/on... • ...this approach has been exploited in.... • In most existing..., ... is avoided either by ...or by .. • ...have proposed a new approach in order to show that ....

29. Example e.g.1: In most existing wireless multi-user communication systems, interference is avoided either by coordinating the users to orthogonalize the channel access or by treating interference from other transmitters as noise. e.g.2: In [3], Maddah-ali et al. have proposed a new approach in order to show that the N-antennas MIMO X channels can offer as much as 4N/3 degrees of freedom (DoF).

30. 3、概述研究的欠缺时常用句型 • However, until recently, ... remained unknown... • there are still no observations at present about... • Little research results have been reported at this point concerning ... • Research about...needs to be further conducted from the relevant researches…

31. Example e.g.1: However, until recently, the capacity region of the interference channel (IC) remained unknown. e.g.2: In [3], Maddah-ali et al. have proposed a new approach in order to show that the N-antennas MIMO X channels can offer as much as 4N/3 degrees of freedom (DoF).

32. 4、陈述研究的结果的常用句型 • Our experiment/project shows/indicates.. • The results of the present research confirm/support... Example e.g.1: The result of the present research confirm that IA is to jointly design all transmitted signals such that interfering signals at each receiver overlap and remain distinct from the desired signal.

33. 5、阐述研究目的可用下列句型 • In this paper,we propose a ...for... • The main purpose/aim/objective of this project/research is to analyze the effect of... on... • The present experiment is undertaken aiming to achieve... Example e.g.1: In this paper,we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission, and we try to modify the design in order to achieve higher sumrate performance in the practical SNR region. Most references, among which [7-9], deal with IA schemes for MIMO interference channels.

34. 6、下列句型可用于介绍学术论文结构 • This paper proceeds as follows. • The structure of the paper is as follows. • Details on...and...are discussed in later sections. Example e.g.1: This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the system model. Then, Section 3 presents the IA design in SISO IC. In Section 4, we propose to optimize the network sum rate through a diagonal matrix.......

35. exercise 1、The paper shows an approach to model ontology（存在论） and epistemology（认知论） for an agentbased wayfinding system. 本文展示了模拟存在论和认知论在代理装置寻路系统的路径。 2、It is our goal to try to reveal some of the basic elements of effective team teaching partnership and to discuss whether this model of team teching influence teacher development. 我们的目的是要揭示有效团队教学合作的某些基本元素，讨论团队教学是否影响教师的发展模式。 3、Very little is known, however, about the chance of benefit from chemotherapy(化疗) in this disease. 然而，对这种疾病化疗的有效几率情况不详

36. Common expression in Introduction

37. 1、研究重要性的常用表达 使用recently、focus on、This new approach of等表达，常用于引言首句表达当前研究的重要性。 e.g.1 However, until recently, the capacity region of the interference channel (IC) remained unknown, except for some special cases such as strong and very strong interference [1,2].（recently表达近期研究状况） e.g.2 This new approach of interference management has been named IA.（一种新方法） e.g.3 The key idea of IA is to jointly design all transmitted signals such that interfering signals at each receiver overlap and remain distinct from the desired signal.（IA的主要想法是…） e.g.4 Early compressed sensing works mainly focus on non-adaptive and one-shot measurement schemes.（主要关注于……）

38. 2、概述文献综述中的常用表达 通常使用动词的过去时，用以陈述已完成的研究。 e.g.1 In [3], Maddah-ali et al. have proposed a new approachin order to show that……（proposed表示过去提出的新方法） e.g.2 They have extended the idea of IAfrom space/time/frequency dimensions to the signal leveldimensions……（extended表示过去对IA理论的扩展） e.g.3 In contrast, Choi et al. have introduced another IAdesign that aims to achieve a higher multiplexing gainat any given signal dimension [6].（introduced表示Choi et al.过去引入的这种设计方法）

39. 3、用于表达已有研究的空白以及对已有研究的质疑和批评的常用方式3、用于表达已有研究的空白以及对已有研究的质疑和批评的常用方式 用于表达早期研究中的缺陷或未能解决的问题，通常还会使用however，but，although，nevertheless等具有转折意义的词汇。 e.g.1However,until recently, the capacity region of the interferencechannel (IC) remained unknown, except for some specialcases such as strong and very strong interference [1,2].（提出以前的研究缺陷和问题的表达，常用表转折词汇） e.g.2 However, a closed-form solution does not seem trivial。（提出质疑）

40. 4 、用于表达当前研究课题的目的、意义的常用方式 包括论文的研究目的、策略以及论文的设计。 e.g.1 In this paper, weadopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission, and we tryto modify the design in order to achieve higher sumrate（和速率）performance in the practical SNR region. （论文采用方案、手段以及目的的表达） e.g.2 This is the reason why in this paper, we tryto define efficient IA schemes for SISO interferencechannels. （原因或本文研究意义的表达）

41. e.g.3: In our contributions, we firstly introduce a way to optimize the precoding subspaces at all transmitters, exploiting the fact that channel matrices in the IA model are diagonal.（引入方法） e.g.4: Secondly, we propose to optimize the precoding vectors at each transmitter within its precoding subspace.(提出方法) e.g.5: This paperis organized as follows.（表达论文行文安排）

42. Some Points for Attention in introduction

43. Conciseness The introduction should be concise and clear. • Never write an extensive review of the field. • Never make this section into a history lesson. Begin your introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of interest. You may use key words from your “Title” in the first few sentences. Get to the primary subject quickly without losing focus.

44. Citing Relevant Literature For the purpose of leading the reader to some point, it is necessary to review the relevant literature, but you should provide the most salient background rather than an exhaustive review. Ensure that the literature cited is balanced, up to date and relevant. Avoid general reference works such as textbooks. If you have been writing the introduction before the work is started, you must pay attention to the pertinent literature published while the study is in progress.

45. Modesty After giving a broader context, you may need to give other background information such as previous research that has been done and explain how the present experiment will help to clarify or expand the knowledge in this general area.  Emphasize your specific contribution to the topic.  However, never minimize or dismiss contributions made by others. And expressions such as “novel”, “first time”, “first ever”, are not preferred. Use them sparingly.

46. Summary Follow the basic rules: • The Introduction should present first, with all possible clarity, the nature and scope of the problem investigated. • It should briefly review the pertinent literature to orient the reader. • It should state the method of the investigation. • It should state the principal results of the investigation. • It should state the principal conclusions suggested by the results. Tense: Use simple present tense, simple present perfect tense andsimple uture tense.

47. Thank You!