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Human Rights

Human Rights. 1st year Course 2017-2018 ÖĞR.GÖR. TUBA SÜRERDAMAR. WHO AM I?. Tuba Sürerdamar 31.01.1986 – Aalst / Belgium Married – 1 son EDUCATİON: College : Sint - Maarteninstituut Aalst / Belgium Bachelor Degree in Law : Catholic University of Leuven / Belgium.

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Human Rights

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  1. HumanRights 1st yearCourse 2017-2018 ÖĞR.GÖR. TUBA SÜRERDAMAR

  2. WHO AM I? Tuba Sürerdamar 31.01.1986 – Aalst/Belgium Married – 1 son EDUCATİON: College: Sint-MaarteninstituutAalst/Belgium BachelorDegree in Law: CatholicUniversity of Leuven /Belgium

  3. MasterDegree in Law: CatholicUniversity of Leuven /Belgium MAJOR:İnternationalandEuropeanLaw MİNOR:EconomicandTradeLaw THESİS:HumanRightsLaw: “ ThediscriminatoryeducationalsystemtowardstheArabminority in İsrael ” WORK EXPERİENCES: CATHOLİC UNİVERSİTY OF LEUVEN EU MİNİSTRY OF TURKEY (ANKARA) İDEA CONSULT BRUSSELS LAWFIRMS: *Advocatenassociatie Van Aelst-Gauquie-Van der Straeten *AdvocatenkantoorAalst OSMANİYE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND İNDUSTRY WORLDDANIŞMANLIK

  4. İNTRODUCTİON What do studentsexpectfromthe HR-course? • Teoriticalclasses ≠ memorizingeverything • Practicalclasses • Actualitydiscussions (newspapers) • Presentations • Fromstudents

  5. SEMESTER OVERVİEW (1) Week 1: İntroduction Week 2: Historicaldevelopment, Conceptanddefinition of HR Week 3: Characteristics of HR Week 4: Classification of HR Week 5: PlaceandMajorSubjects of HR Week 6: Sources of HR (1) MİDTERM EXAMİNATİON WEEK

  6. SEMESTER OVERVİEW (2) Week 7: Sources of HR (2) Week 8: Restrictions of HR (1) Week 9: Restrictions of HR (2) Week 10: Protection of HR - İNT Week 11: Protection of HR - İNT Week 12: Protection of HR – EU FİNAL EXAMİNATİON WEEK

  7. BİBLİOGRAPHY Jack DONNELLY, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell UniversityPress, America, 2013. DinahShelton, The Oxford handbook of international human rights law, Oxford UniversityPress, Oxford, 2015. DanielMoeckli, SangeetaShah, SandeshSivakumaran, Internationalhumanrightslaw, Oxford UniversityPress, Oxford, 2014, 2nd ed. Durmuş TEZCAN, Mustafa Ruhun ERDEM, Oğuz SANCAKDAR, Rıfat Murat ÖNOK, İnsan Hakları El Kitabı, 4 ed., Seçkın Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2011. Halil KALABALIK, İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, ekim 2015. Kemal GÖZLER, İnsan Hakları Hukukuna Giriş, Ekin Basım Yayın Dağitim, Bursa, temmuz 2017. Ebru KARAMAN, HumanRightsLaw, on iki levha yayıncılık, İstanbul, eylül 2014.

  8. İNTRODUCTİON – CASE STUDY PROTECTING CHILD SOLDIERS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIWIQ4Wt4o8 In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) children make up the majority of combatants in the civil war and prolonged fighting between militia groups that has claimed over five million lives since 1997. In the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, children as young as six are routinely recruited by militias and taught to kill. It is estimated that 8- to 16-year-old-children make up 60% of combatants in the region. A Duty to Protect tells the story of January and Mafille, two girls recruited into the military at ages ten and thirteen. Mafille is a demobilized soldier whose experience of violence and sexual exploitation caused her deep emotional scars. January is a young, soldier whose bravado veils her suffering, and whose character and perceptions personify the complexity of the conflict and the views of the local population.

  9. This video also looks at the effects of the recruitment and use of child soldiers on their families and the broader community. The video features powerful footage, shot between 2003 and 2004, of  children receiving military training in several militia camps in South Kivu along with compelling testimony from demobilized child soldiers. At the time of filming, more than 10 militia groups operated in the region. All were reportedly using child soldiers. Over 35% of these children were recruited voluntarily, many motivated by a sense of patriotism or poverty. Parents and the community at large are also often involved in this voluntary recruitment of children. On the Frontlines has been screened throughout communitiesin Eastern DRC in an attempt to cease the voluntary recruitment of children from these communities.

  10. The videofeature s voices of child soldiers and explore the complexity of the war, the issues confronted by female child soldiers such as rape and sexual exploitation, and the importance of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to end the rampant impunity reigning in the eastern DRC.  A Duty to Protect gives specific recommendations to strengthen the work of the ICC and calls for the international community’s engagement to stop the recruitment and use of child soldiers. On January 26, 2009, the ICC began its first trial — a landmark case against Congolese warlord Thomas LubangaDyilo. Lubanga stood accused of conscripting and enlisting children under the age of 15 to fight in his militia between 2002 and 2003 during the Congolese civil war. On March 14 2009, the International Criminal Court found Thomas Lubanga guilty of the war crime of using children in armed conflict.

  11. HUMAN RIGHTS Historicaldevelopment

  12. HİSTORİCAL DEVELOPMENT (1) • İntroduction video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XXGF_V8_7M • HR are not born on an exactdate but arerathergainedafter a longlonglongstruggle of mankind. • Startingprinciple of HR-writersturnbacktoearlyreligiousandphilisophicalwritingstostudytheexactmeaning of HR: “humanbeingsareendowed, byreason of theirhumanity, withcertainfunfamentalandinalienablerights” • Has existed in variousforms in varioussocieties • İs associatedwiththeevolution of Western philosophicalandpoliticalprinciples • Hammurabi’sCode in ancientBabylon (arround 1780 BC): recognition of theneedtoprotecthumanfreedomandhumandignity • Confucian, Hindu orBuddhisttradionshavecreated a firstatmospheretothinkabout ‘others’ well-being • Religioustextssuch as theBibleandthe Koran can be read as creating not onlyduties but alsorights

  13. HİSTORİCAL DEVELOPMENT (2) TheRise of HR-ideasduringdifferenttimes in history: A) Religion B) Philosophy C) TheMiddleAges, TheReformationAndTheEnlightenment D) WorldWar II

  14. A) Thefirstemergence of the HR-principlesthrough RELİGİON (1) • 4500 yearsago: HİNDUİSM (İndia) • Allhuman life is sacredandshouldtherefore be treatedwith an immutablerespectandlove. • 3300 yearsago: JUDAİSM (İsrael) • Speaks of thevalueandsacredness of allGod’schildren, but also of theresponsibilitythathumanbeingshavetowardseachother. • 2500 yearsago: BUDDHİSM (İndia) • İs based on theuniversalissues of humanrelationships, respectforthe life of eachpersonandcompassion in theface of painsufferedbyfellowhumanbeings. • 2500 yearsago: CONFUCİANİSM (China) • Themanifestation of thebest in humans, extending beyondthepersonal in itscapacitytocareforothers: “If there is righteousness in the heart, there will be beauty in the character. If there is beauty in the character, there will be harmony in the home.

  15. A) Thefirstemergence of the HR-principlesthrough RELİGİON (2) If there is harmony in the home, there will be order in the nations.When there is order in the nations, there will peace in the world.” • 2000 yearsago: CHRİSTİANİTY (Jerusalem) • Jesusrepeatedlyspoke of theneedtotakecare of thepoor, thesickandthehungry, andthenecessity of welcomingstrangers. • 1500 yearsago: İSLAM (Mekkah) • Theprophet Muhammed: preached in favour of an absoluteequalityamongracesandthatreligioustolerationshould be guaranteed. • The Koran: adressesthesanctity of life, compassionandobligationtoone’sfellowhumanbeings. • All men areequal in theeyes of Allah: freedomfrominjusticesperpetuatedbysocialprivilege.

  16. B) Theraise of the HR-principlesthrough PHİLOSOPHY (1) • ANCİENT CHİNA (2400 yearsago): • MoZi, thefounder of Mohistschool of moral philosophy:importance of duty, self-sacrificeand an all-embracingrescpecttowardsallothers, not onlyfriendsandfamily, but thewholeworld. • ANCİENT BABYLON: • KingHammurabi – CodeHammurabi: one of thefirstwrittenlaws in history, based on broadprinciples of justiceamongpeople. İt soughttogivethe oppressedmanequalprotectionunderthelaw. • ACHAEMENİD PERSİAN EMPİRE (2600 yearsago): • CyrustheGreat – Charter of Cyrus (Cyrus’cylinder): recognizedcertainrightssuch as liberty, freedom of religion, economicandsocialrights • Cylinder is alsocalledthefirstdeclaration of HR in history

  17. B) Theraise of the HR-principlesthrough PHİLOSOPHY (2) • ANCİENT GREECE (2300 yearsago): • A notion of universallaw of nature of god (Natuallaw) is developed. Thislawgovernedtheuniverse in allfacetsandgave a basisforegalitariansocietyfounden on respectforcitizensandforequality. Humandid not haveanyvalue. A personwaseither a member of thecity, orwas on his own. * Aristo and Plato: defendedpeoplebeingunequalandacceptedtheslaveryinstitution ! * İmpossibleto talk about HR duringthisperiod. • ROMAN STOİCS – NATURAL LAW: • broadenedthescope of rightstoincludemorebeneficiariesthan in theGreektradition. *Cicero: developed a theory of universaljusticethatguidedhumannaturetoactjustlyand be of service toothers; claimedthatthenaturallawbindsallhumansocietytogether. * IUS GENTİUM developedby Roman jurists

  18. C) HR duringthe MİDDLE AGES, the REFORMATİON andthe ENLİGHTENMENT(1) • TİLL NOW: alwaysfocus on universalresponsibilitiesandduties, rahtherthan on whatwenowknow as HR • Tookcenturiesoffightingtopavethewayforconcepts of naturalrightstoemerge • Thedecline of feudalismgaveriseto a middleclasswitheconomicandpoliticalpower • TheRenaissanceandtheReformationliberatedtheindividualfrompriorspiritualconstraintsandreligiousintoleranceandcitizenrybecameincreasinglycriticalfortyrannicalleaders • MİDDLE AGE PERİOD: theemergence of Christianityandfeudalismareimportant in terms of humanrights. • Freedom = freedom of feudallords on theirlands = people’s service andloyaltyagainsttheirrulersandtheprotectiontherulersaregivingtothepeople • MAGNA CARTA – GREAT BRİTAİN: the first document to reflect the importance of HR • İt constitutes a basicforthe idea of limitingthepoliticalregimeforthefirs time. • Howevertherewas no significantdevelopment on thearea of HR untiltheage of enlightment

  19. C) HR duringthe MİDDLE AGES, the REFORMATİON andthe ENLİGHTENMENT(2) • THOMAS AQUİNAS - (13th century): importantphilosopherwithfocus on ethicsandtheories of naturallawandpolitics • human: toliveout of a sense of justicetowardsotherswastolivedivinely • Supportingtheprinciplethateveryperson is an individual apart frommembership in a particularstate • ENLİGHTENMENT: a shift in viewfromnaturallaw as dutiestonaturallaw as rights • JOHN LOCKE (England – 17th century): attemptedtoweaveuniversalnaturallawandnaturalrightstogether • Arguesthateveryhumanbeing in the ‘state of nature’ possessescertain ‘naturalrights’ • Peopleareborn in a perfectstatefoequality, wherenaturallythere is no superiorityorjurisdiction of oneoveranother.

  20. C) HR duringthe MİDDLE AGES, the REFORMATİON andthe ENLİGHTENMENT (3) • JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (France): ‘man is bornfree’ • Espousedtheuse of humanreasonandknowledgetofreeindividualsfrom dogma andabsoluteauthority • Reform andrenaissancemovements in the 16th century + humanismmovementschangedtheexpectations of a personfromgovernment: • 1627: Petition of Rights • 1679: HabeasCorpusAct • 1689: Bill of Rights • afterrevolution in England in 1688 • Allthesedeclarationsareimportantdevelopments: areincludingjurisdictionassurancesandassurancesagainstarbitraryarresting • Bill of Rights: muchmoreimportantbecause it firstimportantdevelopment in Europewithregardstothepenetration of HR intopositivelaw.

  21. C) HR duringthe MİDDLE AGES, the REFORMATİON andthe ENLİGHTENMENT (4) • 1776: Virginia Declaration of Rights (USA) • Declaration of İndependence (fromBritain) • Firstregulationthatcontains HR on constitutionallevel: rights of individualagainsttheauthauritywereexpresslyaccepted: • Startswith: “Weholdthesetruthsto be self-evident, thatall men arecreatedequal, thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights, thatamonngtheseare life, libertyandthepursuit of happiness.” • 1789: Declaration of HumanandCitizenRights (France) - NATURAL RİGHTS • AfterFrenchRevolution • MostlyinfluencedbytheEnglishrevolution (17th Century) andtheAmerican revolution (18th Century) • Startswith: “peoplearebornfreeandequal in rights”

  22. C) HR duringthe MİDDLE AGES, the REFORMATİON andthe ENLİGHTENMENT (5)

  23. D) HR after WORLD WAR II (1) • No significantdevelopment on HR before WWII • Millions of deadpeople • feelingthat no one has rights at all • disbelief of people in HR • Paul GordonLauren: “WorldWar II was a test forvaluesandideas as well as forweaponsandwarriors. İt exposed, as nothing else had ever beenableto do, theultimateconsequences of allowingnationstohidebehindtheshield of nationalsovereignityandclaims of exclusivedomesticjurisdiction.” • Revolution on behalf of HR: acceptingvalueandimportance of humanand HR • Placedtheissue of HR high on the global agenda • United Nations CHARTER – 26 June 1945 (San Francisco) • Politicaldocumentestablishing a politicalinstitution: the United Nations • Also a philosophical, historical, moral and legal documentsettingforth a vision of a futureworld

  24. D) HR after WORLD WAR II (2) WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONSDETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TOACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

  25. D) HR after WORLD WAR II (3) • UNİVERSAL DECLARATİON OF HUMAN RİGHTS (UDHR) - 10 december 1948: • Havetaken an almostmythicalimportance • Positive: thedocument is seenbythegovernmentsandpeoples as a documentforguidance inspirationforsimilarinternationalagreements (in andoutthe EU) • F.e. TheEuropeanConvention on HumanRights (ECHR) • Negative: is treated MORE inspirationalthanreal = not whatthedraftersintended moreaggressiveapproachto HR • Majority of theRightsplaced on UDHR • has beenrecognized in thefurtheragreements • Some of themhavegainedthequalification of customrules in time • UNİTED NATİONS INTERNATİONAL COVENANT ON CİVİL AND POLİTİCAL RİGHTS – 1966 • Regulatesrightsthataremostlyplacedunderthe UDHR in a waymoreconcreteandcomprehensively

  26. HUMAN RIGHTS Conceptanddefinition

  27. DEFİNİTİON of HR (1) • Themost popular knowndefinition of HR: “people’srightsarisingfrombeing a human” • Commonlyunderstood as beingthoserightswhichareinherent in themerefact of beinghuman • Based on thebeliefthateveryhumanbeing is entitledtoenjoytheserightswithoutdiscrimination (race, religion, nationality, gender, economy, socialorpoliticalstatusdoes not matter) • Lawordermerelyrecognizesthe “individual” as owner of theright • Applies on allhumans • HUMAN: • means “real” persons • Ownership of rightsbeginswithacquisition of theindividuality • İndividualtystartswithbirthandendswith death • İmportantissue: protecting HR forthechild in thewomb of themotherbeforebirth • Legal persons (associations, companies, foundations,…) do not benefitdirectlyfronthe HR Regulations • Benefit in certainlimitsand in scaleaccordingtotheirnatures

  28. DEFİNİTİON of HR (2) • RİGHT: • Freedomthat is providedto be benefitedbycommunity, it is recognized, anditslimits, subjects, methodsandconditions of useareindicatedbylaw • İn otherwords: an authorizationthat is grantedbylawtopersons • HR have no definitionthat is constantandcommonlyacceptedbyeveryone • TheMajority of theserightscoincidewiththenaturalrightsarisingfromthehumannature • F.e. Right to live

  29. CONCEPT of HR (1) • Thefightfor HR has been a longprocess, thesamefortheconcept of HR • İn thepast: “NaturalLaw”, “NaturalRights” • Theuse of “HumanRights” is verynew : WWII • Theconcept of HR has wonpopularityafter WWII • Eleanor ROOSEVELT used it frequentlyduring her carrier at the UN • Conceptsdirectlyrelatedto HR areused in differentmeanings in thedoctrineand HR documents • weshall define theseconceptssuch as NaturalLaw/Rights, PositiveLaw, RightandDuties, HumanDignityandFundamentalRights.

  30. CONCEPT of HR (2) • NaturalLaw – NaturalRights: • Theunwritten body of universal moral principlesthatunderlietheethicaland legal normsbywhichhumanconduct is sometimesevaluatedandgoverned • Derivedfromthe Roman period (jusnaturale) • Naturalistsbelievethat: • naturallawprinciplesareinherenttonatureandexistregardless of whethergovernmentrecognizesorenforcesthem • Governmentsmustincorporatenaturallawintotheir legal systemsbeforejustice can achieved • PositiveLaw: • Consists of thewrittenrulesandregulationsenactedbygovernment = man-madelaw

  31. CONCEPT of HR (3) • Rights: • is an expectationaboutsomethingyoudeserveor a waytoactthat is justifiedthrough a legal or moral foundation • Thingstowhichyouareentitledorallowed • Freedomsthatareguaranteed • Types: legal, moral, spiriual, natural, fundamental,… • Duties: • A directresult of theacceptance of rights • Everyperson has a dutytoupholdorrespectanotherperson’sright, just as thatperson has thedutytoupholdyourrights • HumanDignity (insan onuru): • Expressed as humanpride • Based on theunderstanding in whichhuman is themostpreciousentity • Openendedconcept not possibleto define clearly • Has an absoluteanduniversalnature + importantethicalvalue • Allrulesthatsecurehumandignityareincluded in thescope of HR • Usedfrequently in internationaldocumentssuch as UDHR andthe ECHR

  32. CONCEPT of HR (4) • PublicRights (kamu hürriyetleri): • aregenerallygrantedtoindividuals in theirrelationshipwiththegovernment • May only be usedagainstthegovernment • Differencewith HR = absoluterights • Can be usedagainstanyone • Majority of fundamentalrights = publicrightsthatareregulatedbytheconstitution • Liberties (hürriyetler): • İn otherwords: freedoms • Narrowmeaning (ECHR andTurkishConstitution): freedom of movingfreely • Widermeaning (FrenchDeclaration 1789): eveythingthat is not prohibitedbylaw = unregulatedfreedom • Comparedto “rights”: moreabstractandunclear

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