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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. SENTENCES: ELEMENTS, TYPES, AND STRUCTURES. Learning Objectives. 1. To identify independent clauses. 2. To identify dependent clauses and their functions. 3. To identify phrases and their functions. 4.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 SENTENCES: ELEMENTS, TYPES, AND STRUCTURES

  2. Learning Objectives 1 To identify independent clauses 2 To identify dependent clauses and their functions 3 To identify phrases and their functions 4 To identify declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences 5 To identify simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentence structures

  3. Sentence Elements • A sentence contains a subject and a predicate, expresses a complete thought, and is grammatically independent. • A clause contains both a subject and a verb and may be • Independent (expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence)or • Dependent (does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone). Refer to CHECKPOINT 1.

  4. Kinds of Dependent Clauses ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in main clauses and often answer what kind? which one? how many? RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES are essential to the meaning of the sentence and are not set off with commas. NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES provide additional detail or description and are set off with commas. Refer to CHECKPOINT 2.

  5. Kinds of Dependent Clauses (continued) ADVERB CLAUSES modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs; begin with subordinating conjunctions; and answer the questions why? where? when? how? how often? and to what extent? NOUN CLAUSES function as subjects, objects, or subject complements; are often introduced by who, whom, whose, that, why, what, and whether; and are always dependent. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 3 and 4.

  6. Sentence Elements(continued) • A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain both a subject and a verb. • A primary phrase (or clause) may contain another type of phrase (a secondary phrase) that modifies words in the primary phrase or clause. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

  7. Kinds of Verbal Phrases • Gerundphrases • Consist of a gerund (verb form ending in –ing), any modifier(s), and any object(s). • Function only as nouns. • Serve as subjects, objects, or complements. • Participial phrases • Consist of a participle (verb form ending in –ing, -d, or –ed), any modifier(s), and any object(s). • Function as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns. Refer to CHECKPOINT 6.

  8. Kinds of Verbal Phrases(continued) • Infinitivephrases • Consist of the word to (implied or expressed) plus its object(s), and any modifier(s). • Usually function as nouns but can also function as adjectives or adverbs. • Prepositional phrases • Consist of a preposition and its objects, plus any modifiers of the object. • Function as adjectives and adverbs. Refer to CHECKPOINT 7. Refer to APPLICATIONS 9-1 through 9-4.

  9. Sentence Types Refer to CHECKPOINTS 8 and 9. Refer to APPLICATION 9-5.

  10. Sentence Structure SIMPLE SENTENCES contain only one independent clause and no dependent clauses. COMPOUND SENTENCES contain two or more independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction, a conjunctive adverb, or a semicolon. COMPLEX SENTENCES contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES contain two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Refer to CHECKPOINT 11. Refer to APPLICATIONS 9-6 and 9-7. Refer to CHAPTER 9 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.

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