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METR 125 Physical Meteorology: Radiation and Cloud Physics

METR 125 Physical Meteorology: Radiation and Cloud Physics Lecture 1: Green-sheet and Introduction. Professor Menglin Susan Jin San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology and Climate Science. Outline of today’s lecture Introduction and Welcome Discussion on the “greensheet”

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METR 125 Physical Meteorology: Radiation and Cloud Physics

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  1. METR 125 Physical Meteorology: Radiation and Cloud Physics Lecture 1: Green-sheet and Introduction Professor Menglin Susan Jin San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology and Climate Science

  2. Outline of today’s lecture • Introduction and Welcome • Discussion on the “greensheet” • Learning Contract • First glance on class roadmap • Survey

  3. For greensheet, class ppt notes, homework, reading materials http://www.met.sjsu.edu/~jin/METR125.htm

  4. About Professor www.met.sjsu.edu/~jin 1. Research projects: funded by NASA, NSF, Department of Defense On land surface climate change, urbanization, remote sensing 20 leading author papers on top journals 2. to be an effective teacher 3.

  5. Goal of METR125 METR125 discusses the fundamentals of Solar Radiation Radiation Transfer Basics Cloud and Rainfall Formation Aerosol-Cloud interaction Atmospheric Electricity Satellite Observations Broaden knowledge with Important papers Enhance student self study and team-study skills

  6. Content (see greensheet schedule) Part 1: Atmospheric Optics and Radiative Transfer Part 2: CLOUD Macrophysics and Microphysics Clouds Formation Warm Cloud Cold Cloud Aerosol-cloud-rainfall interaction Part 3. Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity

  7. Book and Reading: • A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation by Grant W. Petty (Required) • 2006 Wallace and Hobbs Atmospheric Science (Required) • more materials will be assigned on webpage/homework/class

  8. Lecture Hour: MW 10:30 AM - 11:45 AM Place: DH615 Office Hour: 9:30 PM‐10:30 PM, Wednesday 12:00-13:00 Tuesday Place: MSJ’s Office (DH621) METR215 • I will meet with you for extra office hour whenever you need. • send email for appointment.

  9. TA • Henry Bartholomew <yyyhenry@yahoo.com>

  10. Extra Help • Dr. Martin leach – guest lecture on optics and aerosols • Departmental Seminars

  11. Homework: 20% Midterm Exam 1: 15% Midterm Exam 2: 15% Midterm 3: 15% Class Participation 5% Research Project: 15% Final Exam: 15% Scale: 90+ A, 80’s B, 70’s C, 60’s D, <60 F Homework will be assigned on Tuesdays in class collected in discussions on two weeks later.

  12. Learning Contract • Instructor • On time and prepared. • Answers questions. • Approachable and friendly. • Fair with assignments and grades. • Genuinely concerned about your learning and intellectual development.

  13. Learning Contract • Students • Make every effort to arrive on time; and if late, enter class quietly. • Preserve a good classroom learning environment by a) refraining from talking when other people are talking b) turning off cell phones. • Be courteous to other students and the instructor. • Aware that learning is primarily their responsibility. • Aware of universities policy on academic integrity and pledge to abide by them at all times. • Have read and understand what plagiarism is and know how to cite sources properly.

  14. Academic Integrity • Integrity of university, its courses and degrees relies on academic standards. • Cheating: • Copying from another’s test, cheatsheet etc. • Sitting an exam by, or as, a surrogate. • Submitting work for another • Plagiarism: • Representing the work of another as one’s own (without giving appropriate credit)

  15. Plagiarism • Judicial Affairs http://sa.sjsu.edu/judicial_affairs/index.html • Look at the Student Code of Conduct • Read through SJSU library site on Plagiarism http://www.sjlibrary.org/services/literacy/info_comp/plagiarism.htm • http://turnitin.com/

  16. GreenSheet (see handout) • Homework turn-in on time, will be stated in the homework, in general, 1 week after the assignment • Class Participation • Research Project • Final grade

  17. Let’s see where this class stands in the big picture… . Chapter 1 Petty .

  18. One World

  19. Earth’s Radiation Budget - Schematic PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick

  20. Radiative Components Net short-wave radiation = short-wave down - short-wave up Net long-wave radiation = long-wave down - long-wave up Net radiation (R net) = net short-wave radiation + net long-wave radiation Positive values represent energy moving towards the surface, negative values represent energy moving away from the surface.

  21. How much radiation reaches any given spot depends on the latitude (distance from the Equator) what season it is the time of day cloudiness

  22. Atmosphere Composition and Structure

  23. Table 1: Composition of the Atmosphere Percentage by Volume Gas Nitrogen 78.08 Oxygen 20.95 Argon 0.93 Trace Gases Carbon dioxide 0.038 Methane 0.00017 Ozone 0.000004 Chlorofluorocarbons 0.00000002 Water vapor Highly variable (0-4%)

  24. Vertical Layers of the Lower Atmosphere

  25. Pressure in the Atmosphere • Atmospheric pressure can be imagined as • the weight of the overlying column of air. • pressure decreases exponentially • with altitude. • but 80 percent of the atmosphere’s • mass is contained within the 18 km • closest to the surface. • measured in millibars (mb) • At sea level, pressure ranges from • about 960 to 1,050 mb, with an average of 1,013 mb.

  26. Earth’s Hydrological Cycle - Schematic • Evaporation, transpiration (plants) • Atmospheric transport (vapor) • Condensation (liquid water, ice) • Precipitation • Surface transport (continental rivers, aquifers and ocean currents) PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick

  27. Why Clouds? • Weather • Dynamics: Latent heat and/or radiative effects impacting atmospheric stability/instability, atmospheric heating/cooling • Radiation (e.g., surface heating) • Chemical processes • Climate • General circulation • Hydrological cycle • Radiation budget • Clouds are a critical component of climate models (for reasons cited above) and therefore also to climate change studies • Not well-represented in climate models • Climate change: cloud-climate feedback, cloud-aerosol interactions (to be discussed), etc. PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick

  28. PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick

  29. PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick

  30. Convective development (mesoscale, local) Synoptic development Cold front - steep frontal slopes Warm front - shallow frontal slopes PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick

  31. Relevance for Remote Sensing

  32. Absorption (attenuation) • The process in which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance. • A further process always results from absorption: • The irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation goes into some other form of energy (usually heat) within the absorbing medium.

  33. incident radiation substance (air, water, ice, smog, etc.) transmitted radiation absorption

  34. Atmospheric Constituents: empty space molecules dust and pollutants salt particles volcanic materials cloud droplets rain drops ice crystals

  35. Optical phenomena light atmospheric constituent optical phenomena + process atmospheric structure

  36. Atmospheric Structure temperature gradient humidity gradient clouds layers of stuff - pollutants, clouds

  37. Atmosphere Window

  38. GOES-8/10 diagram

  39. Clouds • Pollution • Haze • Severe storms Channel 1: 0.52-0.72 m (Visible)

  40. Nighttime fog • Nighttime SSTs • Liquid vs. ice clouds • Fires and volcanoes Channel 2: 3.78-4.03m (Shortwave infrared)

  41. Standard water vapor Mid-level moisture Mid-level motion Channel 3: 6.47-7.02 m (Upper-level water vapor)

  42. Standard IR channel • Winds • Severe storms • Heavy rainfall Channel 4: 10.2-11.2 m (Longwave infrared)

  43. Low-level moisture • SSTs • Volcanic dust or ash Channel 5: 11.5-12.5 m (Infrared/water vapor)

  44. Sounder IR bands 2, 3, 4 and 5 (temperature)

  45. Sounder IR bands 8, 10, 11 and 12 (water vapor)

  46. EOS A-train The Afternoon Train, or "A-Train", for short, is a constellation of satellites that travel one behind the other, along the same track, as they orbit Earth. Four satellites currently fly in the A-Train - Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, and Aura. Glory, GCOM-W1, and OCO-2 are scheduled to join the configuration in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The A-Train satellites cross the equator within a few minutes of each other at around 1:30 p.m. local time. By combining different sets of nearly simultaneous observations from these satellites, scientists are able to study important parameters related to climate change.

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