Simon & Garfunkel

1. Simon & Garfunkel Created by Group 2 Kao-wei Chen, Rebecca Galarowicz, Brittany Kelly, David Oberg, NikolasSell

2. Kao-wei Chen Why Simon & Garfunkel? Theywere one of the first folk performers makeitbig in the music industryand became future rolemodels for the upcominggeneration of folk rock singers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SimonandGarfunkel.jpg

3. Background Information • Real Names • Paul Simon • Art Garfunkel • Bothwereborn 1941, still alive today • First met eachother in elementaryschool • RealizedtheirpotentialwhensingingtogetherDoo-wopsongsfound on the radio at an earlyage http://www.last.fm/music/Simon+&+Garfunkel/+images/138461

4. Beginning of Simon & Garfunkel • Atage 16, theyrecordedtheir first single composed by Simon titled ‘’Hey Schoolgirl’’ • Peakedat the top 50 on the Billboardunder Tom & Jerry • Late 50s/early 60s- bothworkedtogetherocassionally but were solo actsduringthis time • 1964, release of theirdebut album ‘’WednesdayMorning, 3 A.M.’’ • release didpoorly • 1964-1965, Tom Wilson, a folk-rock producer, revisedSimon’s & Garfunkel’stracktitled ‘’The Sound of Silence’’ and releasedit in the market • Track rose to #1 in 1965 • Song wasedited by incorporatingelectricbass, guitar and drums

5. The High & End Life of S&G • 1966, placed 3 albums and four singles in the top 30 of the Billboard • E.g. ‘’The Sound of Silence’’, ‘’I Am A Rock’’, and ‘’Parsely, Sage, Rosemary & Thyme’’ • 1966-1969, theircareerwasat a turning point • Writing of songs and recordingsignificantlytook longer • Simon’s & Garfunkel’srelationshipstartedsouring • 1970, release of their last original album titled ‘’Bridge Over Troubled Water’’ • Topped US album charts for over 10 weeks • Sold over 13 million copies World Wide • Took 2 Years to record • 1970 marked the official breakup of Simon & Garfunkel

6. Post S&G Life • Simon & Garfunkel both pursued solo careers at the dawn of the new decade (1970s) • Simonwrote and recorded wry and angst-filled songs sung in different ethnic accents • Garfunkel recorded songs tended towards adult-oriented pop • 1990, Simon & Garfunkel were inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame • In the 21st Century the duo reunited to put on performances around globe • Most recent performance was in 2010 at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival

7. Importance of S&G • First folk performers to reach new heights in the music industry with their album ‘’Bridge Over Troubled Water’’, which sold over 3 million copies • Lyrics & the group have been referenced in television series such as ‘’Friends’’, ‘’The Simpsons’’, and ‘’SNL’’ http://www.last.fm/music/Simon+&+Garfunkel/+images/138461

8. Musical Style • Simons and Garfunkel’s style combinedelements of folk, rock, and Pop • Despitetheir clean sound, theyappealed to a wide range of listenersduring the tumultuous 60s • Utilizedpoetic messages and international musical styles to modernise folk-rock http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SimonandGarfunkel.jpg/250px-SimonandGarfunkel.jpg

9. Musical Style (continued) • The duo, wereit not for Simon’s background in Pop music, may have been remembered as simplyanother folk act • Similarities are apparent between Simon and Garfunkel’s music and other folk-rock of the time, including the story-tellingfeel and a much calmer soundthanmainstream rock ‘n’ roll • Important differencesare whatseparatesthis duo: • ‘’Sound of Silence’’ is an examplewhichclearly stands out fromother folk-rock, withits use of electricguitars, bass, and drums • Their impressive use of poetry set themapart • Ability to fuse popularsoundwithsophisticated and clean song-writinggainedthem a wide audience

10. Musical Style (continued) • Otherdefiningfeatures of their music include: • Close harmonies reminiscent of the EverlyBrothers • Lyrics whichcommonlyfeatured social commentary (theseencouragedpeace and projectedcalm in a time of greatpolitical, social, and militaryunrest) • In theirlateryears, a wider range of influences fromsoundsaround the world http://i2.listal.com/image/1672585/600full-simon-%26-garfunkel.jpg

11. Musical Style (continued) • Theirinnovativecombination of folk and rock music furthered the popularity of this trend duringtheir time • However, whiletheir musical style ismemorable and unique, the greatest impact of their music was a social one • Song lyrics spoke to the counterculture of the 1960s • Messages of theirsongsdiscouragedhate and embraced love and peace • Eventoday, the feelings invokedthroughtheir music are still relevant and tangible to listeners

12. Musical Style (continued) • The musical differences of Simon and Garfunkel became apparent once theybroke up for good • Paul Simon: • Clearly the driving force behind the duo’s songwriting, thisabilityshonethrough in his solo career • Achieved comparable success as a solo artist as whenhebelonged to Simon and Garfunkel • Incorporated more challenging aspects, such as complex time signatures, intohis solo music • Hisindividual style wasquitedifferent as well, with influences anywherefrom South Africa, to Andeanmountain music, to gospel • Art Garfunkel: • Went on to a far lesssuccessful solo career • Dabbled in acting and somesinging http://greenobles.com/data_images/paul-simon/paul-simon-05.jpg http://www.nndb.com/people/724/000022658/garfunkel-sm.jpg

13. Other Artists of the Period Although Simon & Garfunkel had one of the most unique folk rock sounds, there are several artists with similarities including the Beatles, The Lovin’ Spoonful, The Mama’s & The Papa’s, and Bob Dylan.

14. Concurrent Music- The Beatles • The Beatles’ Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album set the precedent for concept albums like Simon & Garfunkel’s Bookends album. • “Old Friends” has a large orchestra accompaniment that builds a wall of sound, similar to “A Day in the Life” by the Beatles http://www.pollsb.com/photos/o/320202-sgt_pepper_s_lonely_hearts_club_band.jpg

15. Concurrent Music- The Lovin’ Spoonful • The Lovin’ Spoonful were a folk rock group with a similar sound to Simon & Garfunkel • Their song “Daydream”, has a similar sound and instrumentation to Simon and Garfunkel’s “Mrs. Robinson” http://image.lyricspond.com/image/t/artist-the-lovin-spoonful/album-the-lovin-spoonful-greatest-hits/cd-cover.jpg

16. Concurrent Music- The Mamas & The Papas • The Mamas and the Papas’ folk rock music was similar to Simon & Garfunkel’s in its sound and form. • Their song “California Dreamin’” has a similar form to Simon & Garfunkel’s “America”. http://www.jasondunn.com/albumart/images/the_mamas_and_the_papas_california_dreamin__1994.jpg

17. Concurrent Music- Bob Dylan • Bob Dylan was one of the major influences of the folk music movement, and is even considered one of the creators of folk rock • His lyrics influenced many of the artists of the time including Simon and Garfunkel, who did covers of Dylan’s songs in their early career. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Zde-OxOYou4/TINiSHncTJI/AAAAAAAAA78/nBCP-n3nurI/s1600/bob_dylan6.jpg

18. Concurrent Music: Everly Brothers • The Everly Brothers melded country with the emerging rock and roll of the fifties and greatly influenced Simon and Garfunkel through their style • Cover songs • Toured with Simon and Garfunkel (in support) on their Old Friends Tour • “Hey Schoolgirl”, “Bye, Bye Love”, “Wake Up Little Susie” http://progbeat-vvche.blogspot.com/2010/08/everly-brothers-two-yanks-in-england.html

19. Concurrent Music: Peter, Paul and Mary • A folk singer, a comedian, and a Broadway actress created one of the most popular folk group that created contemporary folk music • Helped launch many songwriter’s careers • Influenced Simon and Garfunkel’s folk roots and musical style http://greenobles.com/photos/peter,paul-and-mary/01/

20. Popular Music of that Time Period • Other popular artists during the time period of Simon and Garfunkel include: • Rolling Stones • Bob Dylan • Beach Boys • Beatles • Jimi Hendrix • Led Zeppelin • The Who • Jackson Five http://emol.org/music/tina/peterpaulmary.html http://www.clashmusic.com/artists/the-beach-boys http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles http://whitgunn.freeservers.com/Davemusic/L/led-zeppelin/led-zeppelin-iv.html

21. Political & Social Influences • Simon and Garfunkel were known for their strong political views in their music. In the time period when they became a group, there was a change in music. People started writing what they called ‘Protest Songs’. A Protest Song is a song that is associated with a movement of social change. http://blog.interexchange.org/career-training-usa/2012/05/10/u-s-involvement-in-the-vietnam-war/ http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2009/01/2-the-vietnam-war-top-10-mistakes-by-us-presidents/

22. Political & Social Influences (continued) • Some of Simon and Garfunkel’s “Protest Songs” would include: • Seven O Clock News/Silent Night • Was for the general condemnation of the war • Sound of Silence • This song was not intended to be an anti-war song but people of that time interpreted it that way • Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream • At the end of the song it says “I dreamed the world had all agreed to put an end to war”

23. Political & Social Influences (continued) • Some political and social events of that time period that had an affect on some of their music include: • The war in Vietnam • The Cold War • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • John F. Kennedy’s Presidency • National Voting Rights Act of 1965

24. Musical Analysis: Sound of Silence  revised rock-folk version • Instrumentation: acoustic version “over-dubbed” with electric bass, electric guitar and drums to transform it into the revised rock-folk version • Meter and Beat Subdivision: Quadruple meter with duple subdivision • Strongest beats are on 2 and 4 (backbeat) • Two equal notes

25. Musical Analysis: Sound of Silence revised rock-folk version • Texture: homophony, with melody and accompaniment • Paul and Art harmonized, creating chords • Form • macrostructure: ABAAB • Microstructure:aabbcde and aabbccd

26. Musical Analysis: Sound of Silence  revised rock-folk version (a) Hello darkness, my old friend (a) I’ve come to talk to you again (b) Because a vision softly creeping (b) Left its seed while I was sleeping (c) And the vision that was planted in my brain (d) Still remains (e) Within the sound of silence (a) In restless dreams I walked alone (a) Narrow streets of cobblestone (b) “Neath the halo of a street lamp (b) I turned my collar to the cold and damp (c) When my eyes were stabbed by the flash of the neon light (c) That split the night (d) And touched the sound of silence (a) And in the naked light I saw (a) Ten thousand people, maybe more (b) People talking without speaking (b) People hearing without listening (c) People writing songs that voices never share (d) And no one dared (e) Disturb the sound of silence (a) “Fools,” said I, “You do not know • Silence like a cancer grows (b) Hear my words that I might teach you (b) Take my arms that I might reach you” (c) But my words like silent raindrops fell (d) And Echoed (e) In the wells of silence (a) And the people bowed and prayed (a) To the neon god they made (be) and the sign flashed out its warning (b) In the words that it was forming (c) And the sign said, “the words of the prophets are written on the subway walls (d) And tenement halls” (e) And whispered in the sounds of silence.

27. Text Citation Biography (2012). The Official Simon & Garfunkel Site. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from http://www.simonandgarfunkel.com/us/content/biography. Birkline, R. (2003). Protest music. Retrieved from http://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/american_renaissance /Protest%20Music2.htm Cooke, D. (2000). Folk Music. In S. Pendergast & T. Pendergast (Eds.), St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (Vol. 2, pp. 123-126). Detroit: St. James Press. Fontenot, R. (2012). Profile: Simon and Garfunkel. Retrieved from: http://oldies.about.com/od/60srockers/p /simongarfunkel.htm. Hochadel. L., A. (n.d.) Simon and Garfunkel: artists of all the ages. Wright State University. Retrieved from http://www.wright.edu/cola/Dept/eng/blakelock/rockweb2/rockpgs/w97/hochade1b.html Holden, S. (2012). Paul Simon. In Encyclopedia Brittanica. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/545201/Paul-Simon. Jayatunge, R. (2010). Simon and Garfunkel – Beyond Music and Rhythm. Lankaweb. Retrieved from http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2010/04/20/simon-and-garfunkel-beyond-music-and- rhythm/. Kingston, V. (1998). Simon and Garfunkel: The Biography. New York: From International McLeod, K. (2000). Simon and Garfunkel. In S. Pendergast & T. Pendergast(Eds.), St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (Vol. 4, pp. 399-401). Detroit: St. James Press.

28. Text Citation (continued) Santoro, G. (2011). Paul Simon: A Life. American History, 46(1), 73. Scoppa, Bud (2010). Simon & Garfunkel Biography. Rock And Roll Hall of Fame + Museum. Retrieved May 29, 2012 fromhttp://rockhall.com/inductees/simon-and-garfunkel/bio/. Simon and Garfunkel: Biography (n.d.). Guardian. Retreivedfrom http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/ simonandgarfunkel/. Simon & Garfunkel Career Timeline (2012). The Official Simon & Garfunkel Site. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from http://www.simonandgarfunkel.com/us/timeline. Streich, M. (2010). Vietnam war protest music. American History Suite 101. Retrieved from http://suite101. com/article/vietnam-war-protest-music-a241943 Stuessy, J. Lipscomb, S. Rock and Roll: Its History and Stylistic Development. Pearson. The 1960s Arts and Entertainment: Topics in the News. (2003). In J. L. Carnagie, R. Nagel, S. Pendergast, & T. Pendergast (Eds.), UXL American Decades (Vol. 7, pp. 8-20). Detroit: UXL. Unterberger, R. (2012). Simon & Garfunkel. All Music. Retrieved from http://www.allmusic.com/artist/simon- garfunkel-mn0000038936. Unterberger, R (n.d.). Simon & Garfunkel: Similar Artists. Retrieved from http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ simon-garfunkel-mn0000038936/related Warner, Jay (n.d.). Peter, Paul and Mary. Retrieved from http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/ peter_paul_mary.html

29. Image Citation 320202-sgt_pepper_s_lonely_hearts_club_band [JPEG file] (n.d.). Pollsb. Retrieved from http://www.pollsb.com/photos/o/320202-sgt_pepper_s_lonely_hearts_club_band.jpg Akingtoniex (May 10, 2012). Interexchange Blog. Retrieved from http://blog.interexchange.org/career-training- usa/2012/05/10/u-s-involvement-in-the-vietnam-war/ Alvarez, Tina (1996). Three & A Half Decades of Peter, Paul & Mary. Peter, Paul and Mary. Retrieved from http://emol.org/music/tina/peterpaulmary.html Bob_dylan6 [JPEG file] (n.d.). BlogPost. Retrieved from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ZdeOxOYou4/TINiSHnc TJI/AAAAAAAAA78/nBCPn3nurI/s1600/bob_dylan6.jpg Cd-cover [JPEG file] (n.d.). Lyrics Pond. Retrieved from http://image.lyricspond.com/image/t/artist-the-lovin- spoonful/album-the-lovin-spoonful-greatest-hits/cd-cover.jpg Craughwell, Thomas (Janurary 22, 2009). #2: The Vietnam War (Top 10 Mistakes by U.S. Presidents). Britannica Blog. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2009/01/2-the-vietnam-war-top-10- mistakes-by-us-presidents/ Full-simon-garfunkel[JPEG File] (n.d.).Listal. Retrieved from http://i2.listal.com/image/1672585/600full-simon- %26-garfunkel.jpg Garfunkel-sm [JPEG file] (n.d.). NNDB. Retrieved from http://www.nndb.com/people/724/000022658/ garfunkel-sm.jpg Led Zeppelin IV (March 27, 2011). Led Zeppelin. Retrieved from http://whitgunn.freeservers.com/Davemusic/L/ led-zeppelin/led-zeppelin-iv.html

30. Image Citation (continued) Paul-Simon-05 [JPEG file] (n.d.). Greenobles. Retrieved from http://greenobles.com/data_images/paul- simon/paul-simon-05.jpg Peter, Paul And Mary (n.d.). Greenobles. Retrieved from http://greenobles.com/photos/peter,paul-and- mary/01/ SimondandGarfunkel [JPEG file] (n.d.). Wikimedia. Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/thumb/e/e5/SimonandGarfunkel.jpg/250px-SimonandGarfunkel.jpg The Beach Boys Surfin’American Hit Makers (n.d.). The Beach Boys. Retrieved from http://www.clashmusic. com/artists/the-beach-boys The Beatles (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles The_mamas_and_the_papas_california_dreamin_1994 [JPEG file] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.jason dunn.com/albumart/images/the_mamas_and_the_papas_california_dreamin__1994.jpg Xprettieststar (March 04, 2007). Simon & Garfunkel Pictures. Last F.M. Retrieved May 29, 2012 from http://www.last.fm/music/Simon+&+Garfunkel/+images/138461 Vvche (August 29, 2010). The Everly Brothers – Two Yanks in England in 1966 (USA, Beat, Rockabilly). Music 60- 70. Retrieved from http://progbeat-vvche.blogspot.com/2010/08/everly-brothers-two-yanks-in- england.html

31. Long Live Simon & Garfunkel