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Geschichte des amerikanischen Films

This text explores the history of American film from 1960-2013, focusing on the transition from old to new Hollywood. It covers various aspects such as the impact of television, major events in the USA during the 1960s, Hollywood in the 1960s, independent filmmaking, and the rise of American International Pictures. It also discusses the changing landscape of movie production and distribution, as well as the influence of major studios like Paramount, 20th Century Fox, Columbia, and UA.

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Geschichte des amerikanischen Films

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  1. Teil 2/2: 1960-2013 Geschichte des amerikanischen Films

  2. Übergang vom alten zum neuen Hollywood • Beginn Ende der 1940er Jahre • Ende frühe 1970er Jahre PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  3. Auswirkungen des Fernsehens: • beschleunigte “Auflösung” der Majors • neueTechnologien (Widescreen) • Feature Film verändertsich PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  4. USA in den 1960er Jahren • Attentate: JFK, Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Malcom X • Civil Rights Bill 64 • Kubakrise, Vietnamkrieg, Antiwar protests • JFK, Lyndon B. Johnson • Riot democratic party convention 1968 Chicago • sexual revolution, Antibaby-Pille 1960 • Jugendkultur PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  5. Hollywood in den 1960er Jahren • double bill verschwindet • weniger Filme • Risiko steigt • 1961: ¾ derFilmeverlieren Geld • profit margins increased exponentially • 1895-1960: 20 Filme more than 10 Mill. • 1960-1969: 60 Filme PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  6. Runaway Productions • 1960: 40% of all movies financed by Hollywood majors were shot overseas • UK, Italien und Frankreich: direct governmental subsidies • incompetent and/or inefficient foreign crews, language • Lawrence of Arabia 1962 • Dr. Strangelove 1964 • Struggle with SAG (Actor's guild) • unemployment among technicians and production personnel 40% PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  7. Fernsehen • 1949: 2% der US-HaushaltebesitzenFernseher • 1959: 86 % • Columbia und Universal erste Studios die TV-Programmproduzieren, Movies for TV • Endeder 1960er: mehrFilmefürs TV alsfürs Kino • Networks: ABC, CBS, NBC • 1967: CBS kauft Republic facilities 17 • self-produced feature length movie production • SAG not to oppose CBS or ABC PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  8. Schauspieler • SAG Streik 1960 • Health and welfare plan • 6% of producers net revenues from sale of old films • sale of pre-1948 films • actors as producers • percentage deals • Bryna Productions: Kirk Douglas • Batjac Prod. Company: John Wayne PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  9. Independent filmmaking • 7 Majors: 2/3 allerFilme, so gut wiealle first-run Filme • 1958: 50% independent • 1960: 75% independent • 165 Produktionsfirmen • Lawyers and agents • from making movies to financing them • distribution • 1963 Film Production Steuererleichterung • Hits tragenfinanziell die Flops nichtmehr • agents, actors, writers, directors, financiers werdenProduzenten PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  10. American International Pictures (AIP) • Samuel Z. Arkhoff and Ben Nicholson • Roger Corman • Low budget • Teenage audience • The Wild Angels 1966 • Peter Fonda, Nancy Sinatra • Largest grossing low budget film, Venice film festival • Easy Rider 1969 • Fonda, Hopper, Nicholson • Most successful independent production of the 60s • Distribution deal with Columbia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  11. Ausverkauf • MCA kauft Universal 1962 • Gulf & Western kauft Paramount 1966 • TransAmerican Corp. (Bank of America) kauft UA 1967 • Seven Artsmergermit WB 1967 • Kirk Kerkorian kauft MGM 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  12. Paramount • Gulf and Western • Desilu (TV production) • Madison Square garden • Basketball and hockey team • Holiday on ice • Simon and Schuster • Robert Evans • Rosemary's Baby 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  13. 20th Century Fox • Sold its lot – Century City • Cleopatra 1963 • Walter Wanger • 40 Mill. Dollar • Skouras fired • 1965 Sound of Music • Doctor Dolittle 1967 und Star! 1968 floppen PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  14. Columbia • British co-prod.: • Lawrence of Arabia, A Man for All Seasons 66, Oliver! 68 • Sidney Poitier • In the Heat of the Night 1967 • Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 1967 • Easy Rider 1969 • Funny Girl 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  15. UA • UK co.-prod: • Tom Jones 1963, A Shot in the Dark 1964, A Hard Day's Night 1964 • Bond-Filme • Midnight Cowboy 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  16. MGM • Back lot, props, music library werdenverkauft • MGM Grand Hotel und Casino in Las Vegas PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  17. Kinopublikum • Rising marriage and birth rates • MehrFreizeit • Mehrheit lebt in den Vorstädten • Unabhängige Kinobesitzer • Vorstädtesind fast ausschließlichweiß (WASP) • Segregation wird 1964 juristischbeendet • Frauen warenseitdemEnde des 1. WKs die MehrheitimPublikum • das verbleibene Publikum wird jünger und männlicher PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  18. Arthouses and Festivals • 500 nationwide in den frühen 1960er Jahren • studentisches Publikum • large cities or towns with students • by the 1970s growth was over • mix of foreign film and low budget American features labeled "independent“ • Film Festival • New York Film Festival seit 1963 im Lincoln Center • Amos Vogel • ErsteSeminareimRahmen des Festivals • Film generation • Vogel: “for young people (film) is their art – the 20th century art form” PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  19. Kinokultur, Festivals • film festivals, college courses, writings • Andrew Sarris, Pauline Kael, Stanley Kauffmann • Foreign films PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  20. Kinos • Drive ins • Multiplex • 1960: 25 Kinos • shopping center theater • two small theaters, single projection booth • In den nächsten 20 Jahren (von 1963 angefangen) 218 Kinosmit 2.700 screens • 1966: über 500 werdengebaut, alle suburban multiplexes • Endeder 1960er RenovierungderälterenKinos in Multiplexe PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  21. AcademyAwards • TV macht die Verleihungzumglobalen Event • Bob Hope • Kodak sponsored • 1966 zum 1. Mal in Farbe • sw und Farbe cinematography • 1966 verschobenwg. Martin Luther King • Dorothy Chandler Pavilion • mehrModeratoren PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  22. 1963 best actor: SidneyPoitier PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  23. AcademyAwards für Afro-AmerikanerInnen Actor in a LeadingRole • 1963: SidneyPoitier (Lilies of theField) • 2001: Denzel Washington (Training Day) • 2004: Jamie Foxx (Ray) • 2006: ForestWhitacker (The Last King of Scotland) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  24. Actress in a LeadingRole • 2001: Halle Berry (Monster‘s Ball) Actor in SupportingRole • 1982: Lou Gossett Jr. (An Officier and a Gentleman) • 1989: Denzel Washington (Glory) • 1996: Cuba Gooding Jr. (Jerry Maguire) • 2004: Morgan Freeman (Million Dollar Baby) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  25. Actress in a SupportingRole • 1939: Hattie McDaniel (GoneWiththe Wind) • 1990: Whoopie Goldberg (Ghost) • 2006: Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls) • 2009: Mo‘Nique (Precious) • 2011: Octavia Spencer (TheHelp) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  26. Production Code • The French Line 1954 in 3D condemned • Splendor in the Grass 61, Kazan, released without a seal • The Pawnbroker 1965 • Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1966 • Blow Up 19 66, MGM vertreibt den Film ohne Siegel • Bonnie and Clyde 1967 • Eric Johnston MPAA erwägt 1961 erstmals den Ersatz des Codes durchein Rating System • 1966 Jack Valentiwird MPAA President PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  27. Rating System • tritt am 1.11.1968 in Kraft • G • M (spatter PG) • R • X (spatter NC-17) • X : The Damned 1969, Midnight Cowboy 1969, A Clockwork Orange 1971 • erst in den 1970ern steht X für Porno PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  28. RatingSytem PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  29. Kamera • James Wong Howe • Hud1963 • Robert Surtees • My Fair Lady 1964 • Graduate 1967 • Burnett Guffey • Bonnie and Clyde PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  30. Kamera • Haskell Wexler • In the Heat of the Night 1967 • Thomas Crown Affair 1968 • Medium Cool 1969 • Laszlo Kovacs • Easy Rider 1969 • William Fraker • Rosemary's Baby 1968 • Bullitt 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  31. EugenShuftan: TheHustler 1961 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  32. Robert Surtees PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  33. Innovativer Schnitt ASL average shot length von 1958 -63 von 11 Sekunden auf 9,3 Sekunden • 1963-69: 7,7 Sekunden • Anne Coates • Lawrence of Arabia 1962 • keinefades und dissolves mehr, associational montage, slow motion, freeze frame • Shorter shots, Quickened narrative pace, Influence by TV and experimental film PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  34. split screen • Boston Strangler 1968 • Woodstock 1970 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  35. Dede Allen • The Hustler 1961 • America, America 1963 • Bonnie and Clyde 1967 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  36. George Tomasini • Rear Window 1954 • Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  37. Sound • Automatic dialogue replacement (ADR) • Dubbing became more sophisticated and polished • Off-Screen Sound • Lawrence of Arabia 1962 • Overlapping dialogue sound • Dolby PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  38. Musik • 1958 entlassen die Studios ihreMusiker • Jazz • Alex North • A Streetcar Named Desire 1951 • Elmer Bernstein • The Man with the Golden Arm 1955 • Quincy Jones • The Pawnbroker 1965 • In the Heat of the Night, In Cold Blood 1967 • Duke Ellington • Anatomy of a Murder 1959 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  39. Musik • Henry Mancini • Peter Gunn (TV Serie) • Breakfast at Tiffany's 1961 • Experiment in Terror 1962 • Days of Wine and Roses 1962 • Pink Panther 1963 • Bernhard Hermann • Birds 1963 • Seven Days in May 1964 • Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  40. Musik • 2001: Odyssee in Space: temp track Alex North Score nichtverwendet • song scoring • The Graduate 1967 • Alice's Restaurant 1969, Arlo Guthrie • Zabriskie Point 1970 Pink Floyd • Easy Rider 1969 • Midnight Cowboy (Harry Nilson) • Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Burt Bacharach) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  41. Musik • John Barry • Lalo Schifrin • Michel Legrand • Jerry Goldsmith • Soundtrack-Alben PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  42. Schauspielerinnen • Doris Day • Most profitable star 1960-65, danachnichtmehrunter den top ten • Elizabeth Taylor • 1960: 750.000 $ Butterfield 8, Oscar • Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf 66 • Natalie Wood • Splendor in the Grass 61 • West Side Story 621 • Audrey Hepburn • Breakfast at Tiffany's 61 • My Fair Lady 64 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  43. Schauspielerinnen • Julie Andrews • Mary Poppins64  • Sound of Music 65 • S.O.B. 81 • Shirley MacLaine • Faye Dunaway • Kathrine Ross • Jane Fonda • Barefoot in the Park 67 • Barbarella68 • They Shoot Horses don't they? 69 • Barbra Streisand • Funny Girl 68 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  44. Schauspieler • Paul Newman • Hustler 61 • Hud 63 • Cool Hand Luke 67 • Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 69 • Warren Beatty • Splendor in the Grass • Lilith 64 • Mickey One 65 • Steve McQueen • Magnificent seven 60 • Great Escape 62 • Cincinnatti Kid 65 • Bullitt 67 • Thomas Crown affair 68 • Dustin Hoffmann • The Graduate 67 • Midnight cowboy 69  PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  45. Schauspieler • Sidney Poitier • Defiant Ones 58 • Lilies of the field 63 • Guess who's coming to diner 67 • In the heat of the night 67 • Jerry Lewis • Woody Allen und Mel Brooks PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  46. Oscars • PR campaigns • Wayne's The Alamo nomination for best picture • The Apartment • West Side Story • Lawrence of Arabia • Tom Jones • My Fair Lady • Sound of Music • A Man for All Seasons • In the Heat of the Night • Midnight Cowboy PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  47. Western • Lonely Are the Brave 62 • Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid 69 • True Grit 69 • Wild Bunch 69 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  48. 1967 • Cool Hand Luke • Graduate • Bonnie and Clyde • The Graduate: • 72% unter 24 • 24 % 24-30 Jahre • Pauline Kael PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  49. New Hollywood • Autorenkino • Blockbuster PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  50. Ausverkauf • Universal – MCA 1962 • ParamountGulf and Western 1966 • UA TransAmerica 1967 • WB Kinney National Service Corp. 1969 • MGM Kirk Kerkorian 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

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