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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Ethnicity. Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Ethnicity is a source of pride for many people. Ethnicity is learned. Where are Ethnicities Distributed?. Distribution of Ethnicities in the U. S.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Ethnicity

  2. Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Ethnicity is a source of pride for many people. Ethnicity is learned.

  3. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • Distribution of Ethnicities in the U. S. • Latinos, African Americans, Asian, American Indian • Regional Concentrations of Ethnicities • African Americans in the Southeast • Latinos in the Southwest • Asians in the West • American Indians in the Mid-west

  4. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities • African Americans clustered in cities • Latinos are in New York, Los Angeles, El Paso, and San Antonio • White Ethnics have mostly left large cities for the suburbs

  5. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • African American Migration Patterns • Forced migration from Africa • Slavery in America • Spanish and Portuguese slave traders • Triangle Trade • American Civil War • Sharecroppers

  6. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • African American Migration Patterns • Immigration to the North • Jobs in the North • Migration Channels • WWI and WWII • Auto Industry

  7. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • African American Migration Patterns • Expansion of the Ghetto • Moved into areas where others lived • High Density • Whites Moved to other neighborhoods.

  8. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • Differentiating Ethnicity and Race • Race is defined as the traits that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children. • Race is BIOLOGICAL • Racism is the belief that a single race of people is superior to all others. • A racist is one who believes his/her group is superior to all others.

  9. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • Race in the United States • Separate but Equal • Plessy v. Ferguson • Jim Crow Laws • “White Flight” • Brown v. Board of Education • Integration • Blockbusting

  10. Where are Ethnicities Distributed? • Division by Race in South Africa • Apartheid System • Apartheid the physical separation of races into different geographic areas. • Determined jobs and education based on race • Problems started with the Dutch • Continued with the English • Afrikaners created Apartheid in 1948 • Repealed Apartheid laws in 1991 • Nelson Mandela • Today whites make more money than blacks

  11. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Rise of Nationalities • Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country • Every citizen living the U.S. is American • Some people value ethnicity more than nationality • Quebecois in Canada, consider themselves a nationality

  12. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Nation-States • Self-determination is the right of a group to govern themselves. • A nation-state is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

  13. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Nation-States in Europe • Go to war for your country or your king? • By 1900 most of western Europe was divided into nation-states • 1930’s Hitler was unifying German speaking people, until he invaded Poland. • Denmark: no perfect nation-state • Danish language, nearly all live in Denmark • Southern Denmark is Danish and German • Greenland and the Faeroe Islands

  14. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Nationalism • Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nationality. • Flags create nationalism • Creation of national anthems • Centripetal force: an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

  15. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Multinational States • A multi-ethnic state is a state that contains more than one ethnicity • A Multinational state contains at least two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities • A multinational state contains two or more nationalities with traditions of self-determination • United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland is a multinational state

  16. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Former Soviet Union: the largest multinational state • 15 republics created “the Iron Curtain” • Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are new Baltic nation-states • Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine are new European Nation-states • Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are new central Asian Nation-states

  17. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Russia: now the largest multinational state • 39 different nationalities within Russia • Most want some autonomy • Chechens and Chechnya • Russians now living in former republic states feel they are being discriminated against. • Most cannot return to Russia because they have NOTHING there.

  18. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Turmoil in the Caucasus • Lots of ethnicities, each with a long list of grievances against the other ethnicities. • Azeris in Azerbaijani • Armenians in Armenia • Georgians in Georgia

  19. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Revival of Ethnic Identity • Ethnicity and Communism • Pressure to conform • Economic and political goals come first • Did not completely suppress ethnic differences • Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe • Fall of communism created the chance for suppressed groups stand up • Break up of the Soviet Union saw the creation of Nation states • Problems for groups not big enough to form a nation

  20. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? • Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality • Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa • Ethiopia and Eritrea • Italy captured Ethiopia during WWII • Made Eritrea a part of Ethiopia • Ethiopia and Eritrea had a war for 30 years • Eritrea is its own country. Multi-ethnic divided on many levels • Ethiopia is multi-ethnic and divided on many levels.

  21. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? • Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality • Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa • Sudan • Civil war since the 1980s between Christians and animists • Strict laws to keep the sexes apart • Religious based civil war caused 2 million deaths • Darfur

  22. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? • Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality • Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa • Somalia • Six different clans • Somalian national government collapsed • Islamist militias have restored order to Somalia

  23. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? • Ethnic Competition in Lebanon • Civil war between Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze • Each group formed a militia to protect their territory • Israel, The United States, and Syria have tried to put an end to the war.

  24. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? • Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State • Ethnicities in South Asia • East and West Pakistan Muslim areas • India is Hindu • Gandhi • Forced migration both Hindu and Muslim • Ethnic Disputes • Pakistan and India never agreed on a boundary • Sikhs think they should have their own country

  25. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? • Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities • Sinhalese vs. Tamils • Sinhalese are Buddhists • Tamils are Hindus • Sinhalese have dominated commerce and government • Tamils feel they suffer discrimination

  26. What is Ethnic Cleansing? • Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia • Ethnic Cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. • The idea is to rid an area of an ethnicity so the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitants. • Has been especially prominent in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo

  27. What is Ethnic Cleansing? • Creation of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia • Problems have existed in the Balkan peninsula for a long time. • Yugoslavia was created to unite several Balkan ethnicities • Josip Broz Tito governed Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980 and brought stability to the region.

  28. What is Ethnic Cleansing? • Destruction of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia • After Tito died in 1980, Yugoslavia broke apart. • The local governments fought to redefine the boundaries of each new country • Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia • Five new countries and none of them was Bosnia. • Bosnian Serbs tried to cleanse Bosnian Muslims • It worked, the Serbs got more land.

  29. What is Ethnic Cleansing? • Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo • Kosovo is a province in Serbia • Ethnic Albanians lived there • The Serbs tried to cleanse the land of Albanians • NATO stepped in and stopped the cleansing • Balkanization • The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities • Peace in the Balkans could mean that ethnic cleansing “Worked”

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