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CHAPTER 11: Lipids

CHAPTER 11: Lipids. Olive trees provide a healthy source of oil for our diet although unprocessed fruit is inedible. What is the composition of olive oil?. Lipids. Migrate over-water 2,400 miles. Water insoluble (hydrophobic) Non-polymeric structure

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CHAPTER 11: Lipids

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  1. CHAPTER 11: Lipids Olive trees provide a healthy source of oil for our diet although unprocessed fruit is inedible. What is the composition of olive oil?

  2. Lipids Migrate over-water 2,400 miles Water insoluble (hydrophobic) Non-polymeric structure Energy storage, membrane constituent, hormone signaling

  3. I. Fatty Acids: Fuel & Membrane Building Blocks Hydrocarbon with carboxylic acid head group Highly reduced carbon source Ionized at neutral pH (-ate not -ic acid form) Soap: fatty acid salt Which fatty acid is more reduced? What makes soap a good cleaner?

  4. Fatty Acid Conventions The positions of double bonds are indicated with the symbol Δ, with the first atom of the double bond indicated by superscript number. Δ9 indicates a double bond between carbon atoms 9 and 10. Because fatty acids are ionized at physiological pH, they are usually referred to as their carboxylate form, rather than the unionized acid.

  5. Naturally Occurring Animal Fatty Acids: Common and Systemic Names

  6. Melting Point and Membrane Fluidity Shorter chain length lowers melting point cis Double bond lowers melting point Unsaturated fatty acids (oils) lower melting point versus saturated fatty acids (solid) Predict the oil composition from palm versus canola plants.

  7. Health Versus Fat Quantity and Quality Trans fats correlated with high blood cholesterol/cardiovascular disease (inflammation?) Cis polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for the diet (inhibit blood clotting, reduce heart attack risk) Vegetable oil (linolenate) Shell fish/cold water fish (EPA/DHA)

  8. II. Triacylglycerol in Energy Storage Anhydrous fat /gram stores 6x energy of hydrated glycogen Triacylglycerol storage site – adipose tissue Sugar storage 18 hrs; triacylglycerol storage several weeks

  9. Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Steroids What do these lipids have in common? How do these lipids differ?

  10. III. Phospholipids: Major Class of Membrane Lipids Phosphatidate: key intermediate in phosphoglyceride biosynthesis and membranes

  11. Common Membrane Phosphoglycerides What does the color coding for green, blue and pink represent?

  12. Membrane Sphingolipids Amino alcohol backbone – sphingosine Sphingomyelin – sphingosine with a fatty acid amide linkage and choline; abundant in nerve cell membranes trans double bond Cerebroside – sphingosine with one sugar residue is the simplest type of glycolipid

  13. IV. Glycolipids Gangliosides – sphingosine with multiple sugar residues Sugars are extracellular A, B and O blood typing Multiple sugar units

  14. V. Steroids Tetracyclic ring structure (3 cyclohexane fused with cyclopentane) Facilitate lipid digestion Membrane fluidity buffer How does cholesterol orientate in the membrane?

  15. Lipoproteins Protein attachments to the surface of a membrane

  16. Membrane Component from a High-Temperature Organism What are the chemical differences in this lipid from standard membrane lipids? What impact do these alterations have on lipid behavior?

  17. Chapter 11 Problems: 1-19 Workbook page 58: 2-9 due April 2

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