Mesopotamia

1. Mesopotamia

2. Sumer, in the southern part of Mesopotamia, depended on agriculture. • Developed innovations for large-scale farming • Sumerians built dikes, or dams to control river flooding • The built canals to bring water to the fields in dry season. • -They had a division of labor so everyone could help share a big job. Lesson 1 – Civilization in Sumer 92-Advances in Farming

3. 92 – Innovations- New ways of doing things. 93 – Division of Labor – The sharing of a large job so that each worker does only part of it. 93 – Surplus – The amount of a product that is left needs have been met.

4. 94-Government in Sumer -In each city-state one person, the en, ruled as king. - The Sumerians had a monarchy (governing system ruled by a king or queen) - The en held absolute authority, complete control. - They created the worlds first known bureaucracy (a governing group made up of non-elected officials).

5. 94 – Monarchy – A governing system ruled by a king or a queen. 94 – Absolute Authority – complete control 95 – Bureaucracy – a governing group made up of nonelected officials.

6. What form of government did the Sumerians have? Monarchy

7. 95 – Writing and Other Innovations • - __________became the world’s first __________ Sumerian Written language Numbers & pictographs • - They used ____________________ on wet clay • - Eventually came to use __________, wedge-shaped writing. Used for __________ or __________ cuneiform words sounds • - One innovations of the writing is being able to __________, they were then able to have the ____________________ (iku=acre). Keep records Measuring system • - Another innovation was developing a __________ divided into 12 months (28 day cycle) calendar • - They also built the first __________, first to mix copper and tin to make __________ and __________, also invented the ____________________ to help them form bowls, vases and jars from clay. sailboats Bronze tools weapons Potter’s wheel

8. 95 – Pictographs – picture writing. 95 – Cuneiform – wedge-shaped writing.

9. What innovations did the Sumerians develop for measure? Standard units for area, the acre, and for volume, the quart; a calendar for months and years.

10. 96 – Divisions in Society • -People belonged to different ____________________ Social Classes • -Highest (or ruling) Class made up of the __________, _________________________, __________ and __________. Also included their families. King Important government officials priests warriors • - Next was the __________– less important government officials, craft workers, farming supervisors, merchants, doctors, carpenters, potters or bricklayers. Middle Class • -The lowest was the ____________ – made up of ___________ and __________(most slaves were prisoners of war) Working Class Farm workers slaves • - Slaves were not always slaves for life…those who owed debt could gain their freedom when the ____________. Debt was paid

11. 96 – Social Classes – grouping people of the same level of importance in their society. 96 – Merchant – a person who buys and sells or trades goods.

12. What were Sumer’s Social Classes? Ruling Class Middle Class Working Class

13. Lesson 1 Review • Complete number 3 – 5 • Complete this chart with what you have learned about innovations in Sumer:

14. Early empires were built by conquest. • Sargon conquered the Sumerians and built the world’s first empire. • He then ordered that every boundary pillar and city wall be brought down. • The lands united by Sargon became known as the Akkadian Empire. • He developed a standing army (an army with paid, full-time soldiers). • He is remembered because his empire lasted more than 200 years after his death. Lesson 2 – Conquests & Empire Building 98-Sargon the Great

15. 98 – Conquer – take over 99 – Empire – consists of the vast lands and varied people that come under the control of a single government 99 – Standing Army – an army with paid, full-time soldiers

16. Leaders in the Sumerian city-state of UR rebelled against Akkadian rule and brought an end to it. • Eventually, the Amorites gained control of southern and central Mesopotamia. • The Amorite empire was named for its capital city Babylon. Called now, the Babylonian Empire. • Kings created a system of taxation…officials traveled to collect tax among the empire. 100-The Rise of Babylon

17. 100 – Taxation – where people are made to pay for the running of their government.

18. Who were the Amorites? Rulers of the Babylonian Empire

19. Compare & Contrast Akkadian Empire Babylonian Empire Both Had laws Began 2350 B.C. Were empires named for their capital city Began 1900 B.C. First empire in world Capital was Babylon Established by Sargon Had a system of tax Akkad was capital Included Sumerian city-states Centralized gov. Governed under One central authority Kept a standing army Ruler appointed Officials to govern Conquered city-states Battles caused end of empire Lasted about 300 yrs Lasted more than 200 yrs

20. Most important innovation was the centralized government-the national government maintains power. • Hammurabi created a set of laws for the Babylonian empire known as the Code of Hammurabi. • Hammurabi based his code laws on older collections of Sumerian and Akkadian laws. • The Code consisted of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. • Code was carved into stone and placed in public location. 101 – The Code of Hammurabi

21. 101 – Centralized Government – national government maintains power. 101 – Code – a set of laws written down in a clear and orderly way. 101 – Principle – important belief.

22. What is the principle of an eye for an eye? The punishment for an injury is the same injury.

23. The Kassites were among the people who conquered Mesopotamia after the Babylonian Empire collapsed. • Then the Hittites came and attacked Babylon. • The Chariots that the Hittites used made it possible for them to move quickly and with force…which made it easy to capture Babylon. • After the Hittites left with everything they wanted, the Kassites were finally able to conquer Babylon. • Rule lasted for more than 500 years. • By adopting the laws, religion and literature of the conquered peoples, they continued the long heritage of Babylonian civilization. 102 – The Hittites and the Kassites

24. 103 – Chariots – carts drawn by horses and used to carry soldiers in battle.

25. What event allowed the Kassites to conquer Babylonon? The Hittites robbed Babylon and left it in a weekend condition.

26. Lesson 2 Review • Complete numbers 1 -6

27. The Assur people learned warfare from their neighbors, the Hittites. • Their Army was a fearsome army due to the innovations they used from the Hittites. • The army was organized by assigning specialized jobs to the soldiers. • Skilled chariot drivers carried archers • Cavalry fought on horseback. • There were also foot soldiers • By early 700s B.C. , Assyrian army was largest and most destructive standing army ever seen. Because of this, they attacked and destroyed Babylon. • Assyrians ruled the largest empire in the world at that time. Lesson 3 – Later Empires 106 – The Assyrian Empire

28. What did the Assyrians learn from the Hittites? How to make iron weapons and how to use chariots.

29. 106 – Warfare – Skill in war

30. Built the worlds first system of paved roads. • Developed the first postal system. • Built large monuments carved with scenes of life in the Assyrian Empire. • First to make locks that opened with keys • First to use magnifying glass. • Some people they were the first to have pluming and flush toilets along with running water to their city. • One of the first libraries • Divided lands into territories and local leaders governed these territories and reported back to the king. 108 – Assyrian Achievements

31. What innovations helped to unite the people of the Assyrian Empire? A system of paved roads; postal system; local government.

32. 108 – Decree – An official order or a decision made by a ruler. 109 – Territory – A large division of a country.

33. King Sennacherib made Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian Empire. • The capital of Nineveh became a beautiful city with wide boulevards, large squares, parks, and gardens. • The kings palace was covered with stone reliefs. • They built temples for their many gods. • At it’s largest, Nineveh was enclosed by a wall that stretched 7.5 m miles around the city. • In time, the city was destroyed and the mighty Assyrian Empire fell to the people of Medes. 109 – Glorious Nineveh

34. How did Nineveh change after becoming the Assyrian Capital? Nineveh became a beautiful city of gardens and palaces.

35. 109 – Reliefs – Wall carvings that stand out from the surface of the building. 109 – Scribe – A person who wrote things for others.

36. Free of the Assyrians, Babylon became the center of civilization once again. • The rebuilt city of Babylon became the empire’s capital. • Nebuchadnezzar was one of the empire’s best-known kings that ruled for 44 years. He is remembered for his building projects (palace, temples & a ziggurat monument later known as the Tower of Babel, and what is now known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon). • A short time after Nebuchdnezzar died, Nabonidus gained control of the New Babylonian Empire. • Eventually, Nabonidus was forced to surrender his land to Persia. 110 – The New Babylonian Empire

37. By what two names do people today know Nebuchadnezzar’s Empire? Neo-Babylonian Empire; New Babylonian Empire

38. Lesson 3 Review • Complete numbers 1-4 • HW - Complete the Performance – Draw a Building Plan (your building should be appropriate for the period in history and include innovations that were used at that time…no modern day technology.

39. Eastern Shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf Waterfront living Fertile Soil along river banks Dry & Hot Location Landscape Climate Monarchy Mesopotamia Rich food growing areas between rivers Government Resources Worlds 1st civilization (city-state) Writing system Sailboats 12 month calendar based on Lunar cycles The wheel Plow Potter’s Wheel For good fertile soil between rivers...good for crops Tigris River Euphrates River Achievements/ Accomplishments Origin Major Sea