Exploring the Animal Kingdom: Porifera and Cnidaria Species Characteristics

1. Lecture 025 Kingdom Animalia inverts

2. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Cnideria Nematoda Echinodermata pseudocoelom segmentation acoelom Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue Ancestral Protist

3. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. • Heterotrophic nutrition • Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. • No cell walls; has a plasma membrane. • Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

4. Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida Class Calcaria Class Desmospongia Class Sclerospongia Purple and yellow tube sponge Boring sponge

5. Phylum Porifera Characteristics • No true tissues or organs • No symmetry • No nerves, muscles, mouth or digestive system or • Sessile • Reproduce sexually and asexually • Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or SiO2 spicules or spongin • Filter feeders 5,000 species

6. Skeletal Structure • Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of: • spongin fibers • calcareous spicules • silica spicules • a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal structure at all

7. No Gut SpongesPhylum Porifera

8. Predators • A few species of fish • seaslugs • hawks bill and loggerhead turtles • Can use toxins to ward off predators

9. Refuge • Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals. • As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.

10. Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Class Anthozoa Hydra Portuguese Man-Of-War Stinging Limu Fire Coral True jellyfish Box jellies Sea wasps Corals Anemones

11. Phylum Cnidaria Stinging cells & 2 stages in life cycle Radial symmetry Tissues and organs Diploblastic Mouth and digestive cavity (blind sac gut) 9,000 species

12. Polyp Medusa mouth/anus gastrovascular cavity epidermis mesoglea gastrodermis gastrovascular cavity mouth/anus

13. The Cnidarian Life Cycle The Hydrozoan Life Cycle

14. Nematocysts

15. Class Hydrozoa “Stinging Limu”

16. Hydrozoan Medusa

17. Class Hydrozoa Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War

18. Class Scyphozoa

19. Class Cubozoa Seawasp Box Jellies

20. Subclass Zoantharia Order Actinaria Sea Anemones Class Anthozoa

21. Subclass Hexacorallia Order Antipatheria Black Coral & Wire Coral Class Anthozoa Black coral Wire coral

22. Class Anthozoa “True” Stony Corals lobe finger mushroom Porites rus

23. Phylum Ctenophora

24. Phylum Platyhelminthes

25. Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms Blind digestive cavity Bilaterally symmetrical Thin, simple circulation Sensory organs at front Many parasitic 10,000 species

26. Phylum Platyhelminthes

27. Feeding

28. Camouflage flatworm nudibranch

29. Toxins • Staurosporine • Tetrodoxin

30. Hawaiian Flatworms Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus Pseudoceros ferrugineus Planocera cf. oligoglena Pseudoceros dimidiatus Pseudobiceros sp.

32. Phylum Nematoda

33. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Primitive body cavity Gut & Anus No circulatory system Nervous system Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem Many are parasites 500,000? species

34. Phylum Nematoda

36. Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta Class Polychaeta Class Hirudinia leaches Marine worms earthworm

37. Phylum Annelida Segmented worms, earthworms, leeches Marine = polychaetes True body cavity Long tubular body Muscles 9,000 species

38. Class Oligochaeta

39. Class Polychaeta

40. Class Hirudinia

41. Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda chitons Snails nudibranchs Squid Octopus Cuttlefish Nautilus clams More than 500,000 known species

42. Phylum Mollusca Well developed circulatory system Nervous system with brain Some with good eyes

43. Body Plan • Three main parts: • Muscular foot- for movement • Visceral mass- contains most of the internal organs • Mantle cavity- houses gills

44. Generalized Mollusc Anatomy mantle visceral mass foot

45. Feeding Types • Grazers (radula- scraping tongue) • Filter feeding • Egg eaters • Active predation

46. Class Polyplacophora

47. Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

48. Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Cone shell Opihi Cowery periwinkle Triton’s trumpet

49. Class Bivalvia

50. Class Cephalopoda Day octopus