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Human Physiology

Human Physiology. Bio 5 Denise Lim, Instructor. ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests. Orange, 8.5" X 11" Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them. MasteringA&P. Online homework and online quizzes. Use Your Textbook Wisely. Glossary/Index Concept Reviews (Blue Headings)

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Human Physiology

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  1. Human Physiology Bio 5 Denise Lim, Instructor

  2. ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests • Orange, 8.5" X 11" • Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them

  3. MasteringA&P • Online homework and online quizzes

  4. Use Your Textbook Wisely • Glossary/Index • Concept Reviews (Blue Headings) • "Focus On…” in Chapter 1 • Concept Mapping • Graphing • Concept Checks • Answers at end of chapter • Running Problems (case studies) • Chapter Summaries • Chapter Questions (Answers in Appendix A) • Appendix B: Physics and Math basics

  5. Some other words of advice • Manage your time well • Pay attention to detail • Learn to be a good communicator • Be professional

  6. IntroductionChapter 1 What is Physiology?

  7. Function and Mechanism:"Why" versus "How" • "Why" = Purpose • "How" = Mechanism • Need to understand both purpose and mechanistic, but focus on mechanism • Teleology = purpose

  8. Organization: small to big • Atoms • Molecules • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems

  9. Levels of organization and the related fields of study PHYSIOLOGY ECOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY Organ systems Populations of one species Ecosystem of different species Organisms Cells Tissues Biosphere Organs Atoms Molecules Fig. 1.1, pg. 3

  10. Important physiological themes • Structure/Function relationships • Energy • Metabolism • Communication • Homeostasis & Regulation • Maintaining the constancy of the internal environment through mass balance and mass flow

  11. The body’s internal and external environments Cells contain intracellular fluid (ICF) Extracellular fluid (ECF) Intracellular fluid (ICF) External environment ECF Cells The cell membrane separates cells from the ECF Cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF) FIGURE QUESTION Put a  on the cell membrane of the box diagram. Fig. 1.4, pg 12

  12. Mass balance in an open system Output Input Input Intake through intestine, lungs, skin Excretion by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance To maintain constant level, output must equal input. Law of Mass Balance Excretion or metabolic removal Intake or metabolic production Existing body load Mass balance    Output Mass balance in the body Mass balance in an open system Fig. 1.5, pg. 12

  13. Local and long-distance control of homeostasis • Local response: intrinsic control • Reflex response: extrinsic control Fig. 1-8, pg. 15

  14. Homeostasis depends on communication and feedback • Stimulus • Receptor or sensor • Incoming signal • Integrating center determines setpoint • Outgoing signal • Effector produces response Fig. 1-9, pg. 14

  15. Reflex steps Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Feedback loop Water temperature is 25° C SENSOR Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. INPUT SIGNAL Thermometer Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. Feedback loop INTEGRATING CENTER Water temperature increases Wire Signal passes through wire to heater. OUTPUT SIGNAL Control box Heater turns on. TARGET Wire to heater Heater Water temperature increases. RESPONSE

  16. Negative feedback counteracts the stimulus, maintains conditions within a range around a setpoint Fig. 1-10, pg. 17

  17. Example: blood glucose • Glucose levels drop after fasting: hungry • Glucose rises after a meal • Insulin brings levels back to setpoint • May overshoot Fig. 22-19, pg. 761

  18. Positive feedback amplifies body’s response; NOT homeostatic • Inflammatory response • Childbirth Fig. 1-11b, pg. 17

  19. Figure 1.12 A positive feedback loop Baby drops lower in uterus to initiate labor Cervical stretch causing stimulates Push baby against cervix Oxytocin release Positive feedback loop causes Uterine contractions Delivery of baby stops the cycle Fig. 1.12, pg 18

  20. Presence of food in stomach activates pepsin • Emptying stomach shuts it off HCl production in stomach

  21. Why is physiology so hard to study? • Complexity • Conditions both inside and outside the body constantly change • Interplay between body systems change as conditions change • Variation • Genetic predisposition, life style • Safety, ethics • Investigative methods can be invasive

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