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(Initial condition: not able to exchange particles Then, open valve)

(Initial condition: not able to exchange particles Then, open valve). (Initial condition: not able to exchange particles Then, open valve). the potential step between S 1 and S 2 is D V, the electrical potential. wire (analog of valve). the potential step between S 1 and S 2 is D V,

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(Initial condition: not able to exchange particles Then, open valve)

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  1. (Initial condition: not able to exchange particles Then, open valve)

  2. (Initial condition: not able to exchange particles Then, open valve)

  3. the potential step between S1 and S2 is DV, the electrical potential.

  4. wire (analog of valve) the potential step between S1 and S2 is DV, the electrical potential.

  5. If DV in place, then ;

  6. Gradients in chemical potential drive the ions toward the electrodes, resulting in electrical currents during the discharge process. When the battery is in storage i.e., not discharging, electrons accumulate near the negative electrode and are depleted near the positive electrode, I.e. both charge up. electrochemical steps develop at the interfaces, stopping diffusion of ions.

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