Overview

1. Overview • Asexual(one parent) • fission (parent separation) • budding (corals) • gemmules (porifera) • fragmentation & regeneration (inverts) • Sexual(fusion of haploid gametes) • gametes (sex cells) • zygote (fertilized egg) • ovum (unfertilized egg) • spermatozoon (male gamete)

2. Animal Reproduction & Development (Chapter 46 & 47)

3. Introductory Question #9 Key Pages to review: Ch 46: pgs 964-965, 967, 970, 971, 974 & 976 Ch. 47: pgs 989-995 1) Name three forms of asexual reproduction and give an example of an organism that does it. • Name five structures found in the human male and five structures in the human female. Name the cell that produces testosterone and other androgens in the human male. • How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis? (pgs. 974-975) • Looking at figures a-e on pg 976, when LH levels peak what is going on in regards to the uterine lining (e) and ovulation (c)? What structures produce progesterone & estrogen? What do these two hormones promote? • Name the four phases of the menstrual cycle. At what point does ovulation occur? • What does IVF stand for? Name three effective forms of birth control. • How is the acrosomal and cortical reactions different in the fertilization process? (Pgs 988-989:ch. 47) which process releases calcium? • In the development process how is the morula stage different from the blastula stage? • How is a protostome different from a deueterostome? Which one are we? • From the three tissue (germ) layers that form during development, which layers does the brain and spinal cord form from? (see pg. 999) What about your glands –endocrine system?

4. Female Reproductive Structures

5. The Menstrual Cycle in Females

6. Oogenesis • As embryo until menopause... • Ovaries • Primordial germ cells (2N) • Oogonium (2N) • Primary oocyte (2N) • Between birth & puberty; prophase I of meiosis • Puberty; FSH; completes meiosis I • Secondary oocyte (1N); polar body • Meiosis II; stimulated by fertilization • Ovum (1N); 2nd polar body

7. Internal Anatomy of the Male

8. Spermatogenesis • Puberty until death! • Seminiferous tubules~ location • Primordial germ cell (2n)~ differentiate into…. • Spermatogonium (2n)~ sperm precursor • Repeated mitosis into…. • Primary spermatocyte (2n) • 1st meiotic division • Secondary spermatocyte (n) • 2nd meiotic division • Spermatids (n)~Sertoli cells…. • Sperm cells (n)

9. Embryonic Development/Fertilization • Preformation~ until 18th century; miniature infant in sperm or egg • At fertilization/conception: • Acrosomal reaction~ hydrolytic enzyme action on egg jelly coat…. • Fast block to polyspermy~ membrane depolarization prevents multiple fertilizations…. • Cortical reaction~ release of calcium causes hardening of egg outer layer and creates a... • Slow block to polyspermy and... • Egg activation~ increases metabolic activity; protein synthesis

10. Fertilization

11. Ch. 46 & 47 - Reproductive & Development • Name two adaptive advantages associated with having separate sexes (sexually reproducing). How does this compare with asexual reproduction? • Embryonic development involves three mechanisms __________, ___________, and _____________. • Name two unique structures seen only in females and two structures only found in males. • Describe what an ectopic pregnancy is? • Briefly explain what an IVF procedure does. Important Text Pages: pg. **Write the title for each segment and FIVE statements for each segment.

12. Reproductive Cycles • Parthenogenesis unfertilized egg development; haploid, sterile adults (honeybees) • Hermaphroditismboth male & female reproductive systems; sessile & burrowing organisms (earthworms) • Sequential hermaphroditism reversal of gender during lifetime•protogynous(female 1st) •protandrous(male 1st)

13. Mechanisms of sexual reproduction • Fertilization (union of sperm and egg) • external • internal • Pheromones chemical signals that influence the behavior of others (mate attractants)

14. Mammalian Reproduction • The Human Male • Testes~ male gonads • Seminiferous tubules~ sperm formation • Leydig cells~ hormone production • Scrotum~ outside body temp. • Epididymis~ sperm development • Vas deferens~ sperm propulsion • Seminal vesicles~ semen • Prostate gland~ anticoagulant; nutrients • Bulbourethral glands~ acid neutralizer • Penis/urethra~ semen delivery

15. Meiosis in the Testes

16. Mammalian Reproduction • The Human Female • Ovaries~ female gonads • Follicle~ egg capsule • Corpus luteum~ hormone secretion • Oviduct~ fertilization • Uterus/endometrium~ womb/lining • Cervix/vagina~ sperm receptacle

17. The Fertilized Egg & Cleavage • Blastomeres~ resultant cells of cleavage/mitosis • Yolk~ nutrients stored in the egg • Vegetal pole~ side of egg with high yolk concentration • Animal pole ~ side of egg with low yolk concentration • Morula~solid ball of cells • Blastocoel~fluid-filled cavity in morula • Blastula~hollow ball stage of development

18. Stages of Development Germ layers Mesoderm- middle Ectoderm- outer Endoderm- inner Mouth-----Protostome Anus-----Deuterostome

19. Protostome vs. Deuterostome

20. Gastrulation

21. Development & Movement of tissue Layers

22. Gastrulation • Gastrula~ 2 layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage • 3 Embryonic germ layers: • Ectoderm~ outer layer; epidermis; nervous system, etc. • Endoderm~ inner layer; digestive tract and associated organs; respiratory, etc. • Mesoderm~skeletal; muscular; excretory, etc. • Invagination~ gastrula buckling process to create the... • Archenteron~ primitive gut • Blastopore~ open end of archenteron

23. Organogenesis: organ formation • Blastodisc~ cap of cells on top of yolk • Primitive streak~ invagination of blastodisc • Neural tube~ beginning of spinal cord • Somites~ vertebrae and skeletal muscles • Neural crest~ bones and muscles of skull

24. Amniote embryos • Extraembryonic membranes:•yolk sac(support; circulatory function)•amnion(fluid-filled sac; protection)•chorion(placenta formation)•allantois(nitrogenous waste)

25. Infertility & IVF Procedure • Video Segment (2nd)-Cycles of Life