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Understand the causes of imperialism and World War I, including economic, military, nationalist, and humanitarian motives. Explore key events like the Spanish-American War, the Filipino-American War, and the impact of the Roosevelt Corollary. Learn about the causes of WWI, including militarism, nationalism, alliances, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Discover the major players, battles, and impact of trench warfare and German submarine warfare during the conflict.
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US Imperialism & WWI Unit 4
What is Imperialism? • Imperialism: • Attempt by stronger nations to create empires by dominating weaker nations – economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
Motives for Expansion 1. Economic: • Industry requires resources (rubber, petroleum, etc) • Need someone to sell your goods to • New markets
Motives for Expansion 2. Military Factors • Improvement in European military technology • Navies acquiring bases around the world for supplies Maxim Gun
Motives for Expansion 3. Nationalism • Your nations people, ideals, and goals are superior to others • If your neighbor acquires new land, you should too.
Motives for Expansion 4. Humanitarian • Spread of religion (primarily Christianity) • Spread of “western cultural blessings” • White Man’s Burden
Hawaii • American sugar merchants gained influence from 1870s-1890s • Pearl Harbor naval base established in 1887 • American businessmen led overthrew of Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 • Established Sanford B. Dole as president • Hawaii annexed in 1898
The Spanish American War, 1898 • U.S. first attacked Spain in the Philippines • Quickly defeated Spanish fleet • Military victory in Cuba was swift • Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” (San Juan Hill) • Black soldiers comprised much of the army • War ended on August 12, 1898
“A Splendid Little War” • U.S. acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. • Acquisition of the Philippines was heavily debated in Congress • Anti-Imperialist League • W.J. Bryan, Andrew Carnegie, Booker T. Washington, and Mark Twain were among those who opposed imperialism • Treaty was narrowly approved in Feb. 1899
Cuba • U.S. withdrawal was contingent on the Platt Amendment: • Restricted Cuba’s autonomy in foreign relations • Lease of naval bases to the U.S. • Authorized U.S. intervention to maintain order and preserve Cuban independence
The Filipino-American War • Filipino nationalists had fought against Spain, welcomed American victory • Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence, U.S. refused • U.S. military used harsh tactics to suppress resistance • concentration camps, mass killings
The Roosevelt Corollary • Roosevelt stated that the U.S. had the right to exercise “an international police power” to protect its interests in Latin America • “Big Stick Diplomacy” • Latin American countries resented American intervention
Wilson and Latin America • Wilson vowed to abandon imperialism, but didn’t • American military took control in Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba • Wilson interfered with the revolutions taking place in Mexico • Pancho Villa led raids on U.S. in 1916, General John J. Pershingsent to pursue
Causes of WWI • Imperialism: • Western scramble for colonies (Africa, Asia, and the Pacific) • Great Britain and France have the most land –resources • Germany wants more power take land from other colonizers
Causes of WWI • Militarism: • Policy involving building a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war. • Military has more control over government & foreign policy • Key European players: • Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia
Causes of WWI • Nationalism: • Your countries interests over the interests of others • Ethnic minorities • Want independence • Big countries protect ethnic minorities in other countries (Russia & Serbs)
Causes of WWI • Alliances: • Bolster each countries security • “Blank Check” • Germany Austria-Hungary • Russia France • Great Britain France
Assassination • June 28, 1914 • Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Austria-Hungarian Empire) visits troops in Sarajevo, the capital Bosnia. • GavriloPrincip • 19 year old Bosnian Serb • Member of terrorist group “Black Hand”
Mobilization • July 23, 1914 • Austria-Hungary demands Serbia stop supporting terrorism in Bosnia. • Two day warning. • July 28, 1914 –war declared by Austria-Hungary
Mobilization • August 1, 1914 • Germany declares war on Russia • Schlieffen Plan (Germany) • Eliminate France quickly, then turn on Russia • Belgium ruins plan
Key Players • Central Powers: Germany, and Austria-Hungary, Turkey • Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia • Stalemate: neither side can gain an advantage. • “Trench warfare”
The Fighting Starts • After Germany’s invasion of Belgium, Germany and the allies became entrenched along the “Western Front” • created trenches • “no man’s land” • Trench warfare led to enormous casualty rates • Little ground ever gained by either side
German Submarine Warfare • German U-boat • Submarine • Germany began allowing submarines to fire on British merchant ships without warning. • Bad public image • Sussex Pledge • Sinking of the Lusitania(May 7, 1915) • German promise to US to warn ships before attacking,
Zimmerman Note • July 31, 1917 • Germany nullifies Sussex Pledge • End of diplomatic relationships between Germany and US • Still no war… • Zimmerman Note: • Germany’s foreign secretary • If Mexico helps Germany, they will get Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back. • Still no war…
The War Resolution • March 16-18, 1917 • Germany sinks four US ships • Wilson brings the war resolution to Congress • passed by the Senate and the House, signed by Wilson April 6, 1917 • Is this a “just war”? • Analysis: • Wilson’s Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War against Germany (1917)
Where we left off: The U.S. Enters the War • Wilson was reelected in 1916 • “He Kept Us Out of War” • Wilson hoped to mediate conflict • U.S. intercepted the “Zimmerman note” • Germany attempted to lure Mexico into the conflict • Revolution in Russia overthrew the czar • Wilson submitted war message to Congress on April 2, 1917
Raising, Training, and Testing an Army • Congress passed the Selective Service Act establishing a draft • limited training, segregated divisions • American Expeditionary Force was commanded by John J. Pershing • 4.3 million Americans served (115,000 died) • African Americans served at high rates
Fighting “Over There” • New weapons changed nature of war • German “Big Bertha” cannon, zeppelins, machine guns, poison gas, tanks, airplanes • Medical technology did not keep pace with weaponry • “trench foot”, diseases, “shell shock”
Organizing the Economy for War • War Industries Board was created to set industrial priorities and supervise business to boost efficiency • Food Administration controlled production and distribution for the U.S. and Allies • National War Labor Board supervised labor relations • guaranteed right of unions to organize, improved work conditions
Women and Minorities • Many job opportunities opened up for women and African Americans • “heavy industry” • Jobs in industry played a major role in the “Great Migration” of African Americans to northern cities
Advertising the War • The government worked to promote a “war spirit” through propaganda • Committee on Public Information • promoted national unity • encouraged Americans to purchase “Liberty Bonds” • depicted Germans as brutal, subhuman
The Collapse of Germany • Mutiny spread among German soldiers and workers • People of Berlin rose in rebellion in November 1918 • Kaiser abdicated throne, fled to the Netherlands • Germany surrendered on November 11 • War’s toll was staggering • 26 million soldier and civilian deaths, 20 million wounded, 10 million refugees • $350 billion direct economic cost
Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Wilson hoped that the ending of the war would bring about a more democratic world system • create new nations, shift borders, ensure self-determination • League of Nations • Wilson agreed to travel to Paris for peace negotiations
The Versailles Peace Conference • Delegations were dominated by Allied leaders • Central Powers and Russia were excluded • other Allies sought to punish Germany • Wilson had to compromise on his “points” • Treaty of Versailles • Germany had to accept sole responsibility (war-guilt clause), pay reparations, give up land, limit army, destroy bases • new nation-states were created, some Allies annexed territory • proposed the creation of a League of Nations
The Fight Over the League of Nations • Americans generally favored the Versailles treaty and the League of Nations • Republicans in the Senate stood in opposition • Henry Cabot Lodge • “Irreconcilables” and “Reservationists” • Wilson campaigned for the passage of the treaty but fell ill • immobilized for remainder of his presidency • treaty died in the Senate