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Jain Agam Literature

Jain Agam Literature. Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and fax E-mail: education@jaina.org Website: www.jaina.org. Index. Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature Definition Classification

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Jain Agam Literature

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  1. Jain Agam Literature Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and fax E-mail: education@jaina.org Website: www.jaina.org

  2. Index • Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature • Definition • Classification • Listings of Sutras • Summary of Agams by Jainsects • History of Preservation • Agam substitute Literature of Digambar • Authors of Agam Literature • Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Purvas

  3. Index • Commentary on Jain Agams • Niryukti • Bhasya • Churni • Tika • Non-Agam Jain Literature • Various Subjects and Languages • Jain Authors • Important Jain Literature

  4. Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) • Definition • Absolute Point of View - Nishchay-naya (from Reader or Listener point of view) • Enhances Spiritual Life • Finds Happiness within • Reduces Kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc.) within • Empirical Point of View – VyavaharNaya (from Author or Speaker point of view) • Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant, Arhat) who has conquered attachment and aversion • Preach Universal Truth • Conduct - Equanimity, Compassion, Universal affection, Friendship • Thought - Principle of Relativity

  5. Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) • Major Languages • Ardha-maghadhiPrakrut 400 to 100 BC • Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD

  6. Jain Sects Jain Sects Swetambar Monks - white cloths Digambar Monks - no cloths Nonmurtipujak Murtipujak Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Murtipujak Orthodox murtipujak Sthanak-vasi Lokashah (14th Cen) Bisa-panthi Bhattarak Tradition Orthodox murtipujak Taran-panthi Taran-taran-swami Tera-panthi Acharya Bhikku (16th Cen) Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18th Cen) Ahimsak and Simple Murtipujak

  7. Jain Agam Literature Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures) Ang-agams 12 Scriptures (all sects) Ganadhars Angbahya-agams 14/34/21 Scriptures 14/10 PurviAcharyas SwetambarAngbahya- agams 34/21 Scriptures All survived 11 Ang-agams Swetambar - all survived Digambar - all extinct DigambarAngbahya-agams 14 scriptures (all sects) All extinct 12th Ang-agam Drastivad 14 Purvas - all extinct Upang 12 Murtipujak\ 12 Non-murtipujak Five Parikarmas Chhed-sutra 6 Murtipujak\ 4 Non-murtipujak Sutra Mool-sutra 4 Murtipujak\ 3 Non-murtipujak Prathamanuyog Chulika 2 Murtipujak\ 2 Non-murtipujak Fourteen Purva-gatas Prakirna 10 Murtipujak\ 0 Non-murtipujak Five Chulikas

  8. Ang-pravisthaAgam • Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir • Composed by Ganadhars • 12 Ang-pravishtaAgams • Digambar (all sects) • All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 AD. • Shwetambar (all sects) • 11 Ang-agams are survived • 12th AngAgam is extinct during 356 BC to 474 AD.

  9. Ang-pravisthaAgams Acharang Sutra-kratang Sthanang Samavay-ang Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati Jnata-dharma-kathang Upasaka-dashang Antahkra-dashang Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang Prashna-vyakran Vipaka-sutra Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad

  10. Drishti-pravada-anga 12th Ang-agam • Divided into Five Parts: • Five Parikarmas • Sutra • Pratham-anuyoga • Fourteen Purvas • Five Chulikas

  11. Drishti-pravada-anga • Five Parikarmas • Chandra-prajnapti • Surya-prajnapti • Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti • Dvip-prajnapti • Vyakhya-prajnapti • Sutra • An account of 363 false creeds • Pratham-anuyoga • Life stories of 63 great Leaders • 24 Tirthankars • 12 Chakra-vartis • 9 Narayans or Vasudevs • 9 Prati-narayans or Prati-vasudevs • 9 Bal-bhadras or Baldevs

  12. Listings of 14 Purvas • Utpada-purva • Describes the origination, destruction, and permanence nature of substances • Agraya-niya • Describes Seven Tattvas, and Six Dravyas • Viryanu-vad • Describes the power and qualities of living and nonliving substances. • Asti-nasti-pravad • Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and their usage. • Jnana-pravad • Eight types of knowledge (Jnana) • Satya-pravad • Description of truth, silence, speakers • Atma-pravad • Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and Vyavahar point of view

  13. Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont..) • Karma-pravad • Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul • Pratya-khyan • Description of vows, penances, repentances, and renunciations of bad things • Vidyanu-vad • Acquiring special power by learning various Mantras and other knowledge • Kalyan-vad • Description of the grand celebrations of great events (Kalyanak) • Prana-vad • Knowledge about removal of pains caused by spirit, ghost, snake... • Kriya-visal • Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman • Triloka-bindu-sara • Way of attaining Moksha and its blissful state and permanent happiness

  14. Five Chulikas Chulika knowledge acquires extra ordinary power • Jala-gata • Power to walk on water, staying in the water, passing through fire etc • Sthala-gata • Travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc • Maya-gata • Power to perform miracles • Rupa-gata • Transformation of body into various forms • Akasa-gata • Travel into space

  15. Ang-bahyaAgams: • Composed by Sthaviras • Compiled by 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas • Digambar • All sects believes – 14 books • Shwetambar • Murti-pujak - 34 books • Non-murti-pujak - 21 books

  16. Digambar'sAng-bahyaAgams • 1. Samayik • 2. Samstava • 3. Vandana • 4. Prati-kraman • 5. Vinaya • 6. Kriti-karma • 7. Das-vaikalik • 8. Uttar-adhyayan • 9. Kalpa-vyavahara • 10. Kalpa-kalpa • 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka • 12. Pundarika • 13. Maha-pundarika • Nishidika • All 14 Ang-bahyaAgams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 A.D.

  17. Shwetambar's Ang-bahyaAgams Sect.......................... Upang Agams A 12 B 12 Chhed-sutra Agams 6 4 Mul-sutra Agams 4 3 Chulika-sutra Agams 2 2 Prakirna Agams 10 0 Total 34 21 • A = SwetambarMurti-pujak sect • B = SwetambarNonmurti-pujak sect

  18. Shwetambar'sAng-bahyaAgams • UpangAgams • Aupa-patika • Raja-prasniya • Jivabhigam • Prajnapana • Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti • Surya-prajnapti • Chandra-prajnapti • Nirayavali or Kalpika • Kalpa-vatansika • Pushpika • Pushpa-chulika • Vrashni-dasha • Accepted by MurtiPujak and Non-murtiPujak sects.

  19. Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: • Chhed-sutra Agams: • Nishitha • Maha-nishitha • Vyavahara* • Das-sruta-skandha • Brahat-kalpa • Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa* • Mul-sutra Agams • Avasyaka • Dasha-vaikalika • Uttara-dhyan • Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti* • Chulika-sutra Agams • Nandi-sutra • Anuyoga-dvara • * Not accepted by Non-murtipujak sect

  20. Shwetambar'sAng-bahyaAgams: • PrakirnaAgams • Chatuh-sarana • Samstarak • Atura-pratya-khyana • Bhakti-parijna • Tandul-vaitalika • Chandra-vedhyaka • Devendra-stav • Ganit-vidya • Maha-pratya-khyan • Vir-stave • None are accepted by Non-murtipujak sect

  21. Agam Summary by Jain Sects • Digambar (all sects) • 12th AngAgam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC • Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 157 AD • Agam Substitute Literature • SatkhandAgam • Kashay-pahud • Four Anuyogs consist of several books • Shwetambar (all sects) • 12th AngAgam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD • 11 Ang-pravishtaAgams Survived • ShwetambarMurtipujak • Accepts 34 Ang-bahyaAgams • ShwetambarNonmurtipujak • Accepts 21 Ang-bahyaAgams

  22. History of Preservation • First Recension (226 BC) • Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra • 11 AngAgams orally complied • 14 Purvas not remembered • Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas • Second Recension (374 AD to 387 AD) • Mathura by Skandil and Valabhi by Nagarjun • Agams and Anuyogs documented • Third Recension (527 AD) • Valabhi by Devardhi-gani • Prakirnas documented • Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved • Differences documented in Churni • Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra) • Current Status • Deviation from Nandi Sutra • Many Prakirnas are extinct • Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added after words

  23. Commentary Literature • To study Jain Agams, • one requires to study complete Panchagini of each Agam. • Panchagini (Consist of Five Types) • Original Sutras • Niryukti • Bhasya • Churni • Tika

  24. Niryukti Literature • Written on Agam sutras • Prakrit Language • Poetic Form and Short • Provides General Meaning of Agam sutras • Contains • Historical Incidences • Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples • Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts • Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second before 600 AD) • Written on 10 Agams • Independent Niryukties • SanstarakNiryukti • GovindNiryukti or DarshanPrabhavakShastra • AradhanaNiryukti

  25. Bhasya Literature • Written on Agam and Niryukti • Prakrit Language • Poetic Form • Provides Specific Meaning • Contains • Prachin (old) Anushruties • Jatak Stories • Provides Good Understanding of • History of Jainism • Conducts and Behavior of Monks • Authors • Sanghdas-gani • Jinbhadra-gani • Written - 400 to 600 A.D.

  26. Churni Literature • Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya • Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language • Prose Form • Contains Jatak and Religious Stories • Provides Good Understanding • Social Customs • Business • Food Habits • Festivals • Clothing of people • Author - Jindas-ganiMahattar • 600 AD

  27. Tika Literature • Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and Churni • Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories • Most Important to understand Agam literature • Prominent Tika Authors • Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 A.D.) • Prajnapana, Avasyaka*, Nandi, Dasha-vaikalika*, Anuyoga-dvara • Shilanka-suri (8th century) • Acharang, Sutra-kratang • Abhaydev (11th century) • 9 of 11 Ang agams • MalladhariHemchandra (11th century) • Anuyogdvar • Acharya Malay-giri (11th century) • Nandi, Prajnapana, Jiva-bhigama, Brahat-kalpa, Rajpashniya, Chandra-pragnapti, Avasyak* • Shanti-suri (1563 A.D.) • Uttara-dhyan Sutra VrahatTika*

  28. Jain Literature Classification • Code English Name Prakrit Name • A MetaphicsTattvajnan • B Spiritual/Philosophy Adhyatma • C Meditation Yoga, Dhyan • D Karma Karma • E Logic Darshan, Naya, Praman • F Conduct Charnanuyoga • G Morality Niti, Upadesh • H Astronomy Lok Svarup • J Story, Biography Puran, Katha, Rupak, Vyang • K Ritual and Sutras Stotra, Mantra, Puja • M Drama and Poetry Lalit Kavya, Kavya Shastra, Natak • N Figures of speech Alankar • P Dictionary Dictionary, Kosha, Lokjnan • Q Grammar Vyakaran • R Mathematics Ganit • S Astrology Jyotish • T Physics PadarthVijnan • U Politics Rajniti

  29. Jain Authors • Kundkunda-charya (1st century) • AshtaPahud B • BarasAnuvekkha (Anupreksha) B • Das Bhakti Granth B • Niyamsar B • Panchastikaya B • Pravachansar B • Samaysar B • Umaswati or Umaswami (2nd century) • Tattvarth Sutra A • Prashama-ratiPrakarana B • TattvarthBhasya A • SiddhasenDivakar or Gandh-hasti (5th century) • DvatrishikaStotra K • KalyanMandirStotra (S) K • Nyayavatar E • Sanmati-tark (prakaran) E • TattvarthBhasya A

  30. Jain Authors • Samant-bhadra (5th century) • AptaMimansa (DevagmaStotra) E • RatnaKarandShravakachar F • StutiVidya K • SvayambhuStotra K • Pujyapad or Devanandi (6th century) • Ishtopadesh G • JainendraVyakaran Q • Samadhi Sataka • Samadhi Tantra C • SarvarthSiddhi (Tattvarthtika) A • Siddhi Priya Stotra K • Akalank (7th century) • Ashtashati (AptaMimanshatika) E • Lagiyasraya E • NyayaVinishchaya E • PramanSangraha E • SiddhiVinishchaya E

  31. Jain Authors • Haribhadra-suri (8th century) • Anekant Jaya Pataka E • Anuyogadvara C • Asada-kavikrataUpadesha F • Dharma Bindu F • Dharma Samgrahani F • Dhurta-khyan J • JambudvipaPrajnaapti R • Jiva-bhigam A • Kandati C • LalitVistra M • Nandi P • NyayaPravesh (tika-non Jain text ) E • Samaraicchakaha J • SavayPannitti • Shad-darshanSamuccaya A

  32. Jain Authors • Haribhadra-suri (8th century) cont... • TattvarthSlokaVriti A • UpadeshaPada G • Yoga Bindu C • Yoga DrastiSamucchaya C • Yoga Shataka C • Vidyananda (8th century) • AptaPariksha E • AshtaSahasri (AptaMimansatika)E • Naya-vivarnam E • Patrapariksa E • PramanPariksha E • SatyaShasanPariksha E • TattvarthShlokaVartika (tika) A

  33. Jain Authors • NemichandraSiddhantChakravarti (10th century) • BrahatDravyaSangraha A • GomatsarJivakanda D • GomatsarKarmakanda D • KshetraGanita L • Labdhisar (Gomatsarpurak) D • RaghavaPandaviyaKavya M • Triloksar H • Somdev (10th century) • AdhyatmaTarangini C • Nitivakyamrit U • Syadvad Upanishad C • UpasakAddhayan F • YashastilakChampu I

  34. Jain Authors • Hemchandra (12th century) • Abhidhana Chintamani P • AlankarChudamani N • Anaya-yoga Vyavachchedika E • AnekarthaNamamala P • Arhan-niti U • Chhandonu-shasana M • DeshiNamamala P • DhvayashryaMahakavya M • KavyanuShashana M • Mahadev Stotra K • Nighantukosha P • ParamatmaPrakaran C

  35. Jain Authors • Hemchandra (12th century) cont.. • ParishishtaParva J • PramanMimansa E • SheshaNamamala P • SiddhaHemachandraVyakarana O • SiddhahemaShabdanuShasan O • TrishishtaShalakaPurush I • VadanuShasan E • Vitarag Stotra K • Yoga Shastra C • Yoga ShastraVratti C • Yoga Vinshikas C

  36. Jain Authors • Yashovijayji (18th century) • AdhyatmaPariksa B • Adhyatma Sara B • Adhyatma Upanishad B • AshtaSahasriVivaran E • Dharma Pariksha F • Dvatrimshad K • Jain TarkParibhasha E • Jnan-bindu-sara B • Karma-prakratiTika D • Naya-pradip E • Naya-rahasya E • NayamritTarangini E • NyayaKhandanKhadya E • Nyayalok E • Tattvarth Sutra Vriti A • UpadeshaRahasya F

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