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Paraphrasing and Summary writing. Paraphrasing and Summary Writing
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Paraphrasing and Summary Writing Paraphrase is the restatement of an original passage, sentence by sentence. A paraphrase is considerably longer than a summary. To paraphrase you, you restate in your own words and revise using different patterns if at all possible. As you paraphrase, take care to select synonyms, not variations of the original words. Paraphrasing Guidelines: • Use synonyms for key words without changing the meaning. • Change the order of ideas within the original sentence. • Omit unimportant details or excess verbiage. • Combine ideas and sentences • Maintain the same tone and style as the original passage
Paraphrasing Exercises. • Original sentence: Modern rhinoceroses do represent a remnant of past glory. Paraphrase: The rhinoceros today signifies a vestige of its former magnificence. • Original Sentence: I wish I could portray naturalists today as perennial opponents of such exploitation. We certainly function in this manner today, but our past does not always measure up to current practices. Paraphrase: Although natural scientists today are careful not to exploit the animal populations they study, unfortunately in the past naturalists did not always oppose such exploitation. • Original Sentence: We all have a personal breaking point, where moral indignation swamps dispassionate analysis • .Paraphrase: • Everyone has a threshold where the sense of moral outrage overwhelms the ability to analyse a problem without prejudice. • Original Sentence: • The extensive ecological range included small and lithe running forms no bigger than a goat ( the hyracodontines), and rotund river dwellers that looked like hippopotamuses ( the teleoceratines). • Paraphrase: • The forebears of the modern rhinoceros covered a wide territory, ranging from large river dwellers, somewhat like the modern hippopotamus, to smaller forms the size of goats that were nimble runners.
Summarizing A well written summary is clear, concise, and informative. It restates the main ideas of the original piece, omitting insignificant details. Brief quotations are sometimes included. Moreover, a summary can be described as” a distillation of ideas. “It is a condensed version of a book, essay or article. Guidelines: Summary Writing • Read and reread the entire original carefully. Take notes and mark the original, underlining topic sentences and key points. • Rewrite and restate. In your own words, restate the main ideas from topic sentences and key points, using accurate synonyms • Check your draft with the original. Have you included all significant points? Have you retained the original order? Have you restated appropriately, or have you unwittingly copied material that should be paraphrased or quoted? • Reduce material by 50 percent or more. Restate major points. Combine and condense related ideas. Omit examples and minor details. • Enclose all copied material in quotation marks .The use a thesaurus or dictionary to help you paraphrase or summarise.
Original Herr von Osten purchased a horse in Berlin, Germany, in 1900.When Von Osten began training his horse, Hans, to count by tapping his front hoof; he had no idea that Hans was soon to become one of the most celebrated horses in history. Hans was a rapid learner and soon progressed from counting to addition, multiplication, division, subtraction, and eventually the solution of problems involving factors and fractions. As if this were not enough, von Osten exhibited Hans to public audiences where he counted the number of in the audience or simply the number of people wearing eyeglasses. Still responding only with taps, Hans could tell time, use a calendar, display and ability to recall musical pitch, and perform numerous seemingly other fantastic feats. After von Osten taught Hans an alphabet which could be coded into hoof beats, the hose could answer any question-oral or written. It seemed that Hans, a common horse, had complete comprehension of the German language, the ability to produce equivalent words and numerals, and intelligence beyond that of many human beings. Mark L Knapp, Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction
Summary Mark L Knapp tells an amazing story of a horse owned by Herr von Osten of Germany in the early 1900s.His owner taught Hans to do arithmetic drummed out with a front hoof. The von Osten began showing the horse in public, where Hans computed the total of persons with spectacles and did other tricks. He seemed to have learned the alphabet, for he could tap out a response to most queries. Many people were convinced Hans knew German well. In fact, he appeared brighter than many people.
Plagiarised Summary According to Mark Knapp, in 1900 in Berlin, Germany, Herr von Osten purchased a horse. When von Osten trained the horse to count by rapping his hoof, he did not know that Hans would become one of the most famous horses in history. Hans was a rapid learner and soon could do arithmetic and other tricks. After von Osten taught Hans a coded alphabet, it seemed that Hans, a horse, understood German well and knew more than people.
