Tues July 8 Ms. King

1. Tues July 8 Ms. King • Work on article assignment and have discussion • Population powerpoint and activities • Baby Crash video/ worksheet • Childfree by choice

2. Unit 2: Challenges and Changes in Population HSB4U

3. Agenda • Demography • Population Concepts • Calculating Change • Migration

4. Generations @ a Glance • If we think of the baby-boom as a ripple-effect in water (second wave is an echo of the first), how do subsequent generations affect our social institutions? • This population trend will taper off, but when becomes the question – what other factors contribute to population?

5. Generation X 1960-1966 • Grew up with Materialism – way of life that revolves around material possessions • How would you describe your upbringing? What major factors affected your generation growing up?

6. Cause of the Baby Boom • World War II – returning soldiers took wives – marriage was the norm • Sex outside of marriage was frowned upon/condemned in this era • Increased immigration – increased promise from “old land”

7. Before: After: Levvittown - Suburbia What were the motivations to “settle down”?

8. Counterculture • Counterculture – young people express values that conflict with society’s norms • 1960’s saw counterculture with protests, rebellion, and change in music (Beatles, Led Zeppelin (70’s)) • Political activism was popular with young people

9. Sexual Revolution • Children born to unmarried mothers rose 5% between 1960-1970 • “The Pill” – birth control – contributed to the collapse of the Baby boom • How do current “norms” of society reflect sex? Single mothers?

10. Impacts of the Baby Boom • Dependency Load – portion of the population that is dependent – not actively employed • How will this impact society and social institutions? Will Baby-boom burden you? • Seniors in Canada: • 1991: 65+ = 3.2 million (12%) • 2011: 65+ = 4.9 million (14%) • 2021: 65+ = 6.6 million (18%) • 2031: 65+ = 8.3 million (22%)

11. How Population Changes • Can increase/decrease as a result of two factors: • 1. Natural increase/decrease – babies born is greater than the number of people dying vice versa. • 2. Net migration – observes the immigration vs. emigration trends End of WW1 important effect on demography- rise in immigration- most from war-torn Europe- more than 2 million people came to start a life- gave top priority to Britain and the Commonwealth- Europeans, Americans

12. StatsCan, 2006

13. Kenya 2012 • What does this mean? What are the impacts on society?

14. Demography • Why is demography useful? • 1946: Dr. Benjamin Spock – “respect children as they are human beings who deserve respect” – Did/Does this mentality “corrupt” youth? • Why I can never retire….

15. Demography • The study of populations • This field explores and evaluates trends • Research data is used to study population growth patterns, forecasting and making recommendations

16. Demography • Each field uses the information in different ways

17. Social Scientists • Look at the changes in population in different ways • Anthropologists: Study connection between in culture and trends • Sociologists: Study how trends relate to institutions and citizens • Psychologists: Study how the changes relate to the individual

18. The Changing Population • Natural increase: When births exceed deaths • Natural Decrease: When deaths exceed births BIRTHS DEATHS DEATHS BIRTHS

19. The Changing Population • Net Migration: The total amount of movement in and out of the country • Immigration: When people move into Canada • Emigration: When people move out of Canada

20. Applying the Terms Source: Statistics Canada, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/110928/dq 110928a -eng.htm

21. Calculating the Population Births – Deaths = Natural Increase (Natural Decrease)

22. Calculating the Population Immigration - Emigration =Net Migration

23. Calculating the Population Natural Increase (Decrease) + Net Migration =Population Change

24. Calculations

25. Migration Immigration • When people move into Canada • Assists in matching the declining birth rate • Brings new cultures and skills to the country

26. Migration Emigration • When people move out of Canada • The majority of Canadian’s abroad are in the United States • The United Kingdom is second

27. Migration

29. Childlessness in Canada

30. Economic Impact • Declining birthrate means less young people to supplement the labour market • Issues for the pension plan • More need for housing and care for the elderly • Canada needs Immigration to maintain its population

31. Increasing Naturally • Replacement level is the number of births needed to maintain a stable population • Fertility refers to actual reproduction • Fertility rate is the actual number of births per woman

32. Replacement Level • Canada’s replacement level is 2.1

33. Interesting Note • No G8 country has managed to get to a replacement level of 2.1 (the target for a developed nation) • Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France, Italy (and Russia) Sociological view might look at the connection of wealth to fertility and desire to have children.

34. Fertility • Women 30-34 had the highest fertility rate in 2006 • Surpassed women 25-29 for the first time • Confirms decision to delay childbirth Canada's fertility rate at 10-year high: StatsCan. (2008).CBC News Online. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2008/09/26/fertility-rate.html

35. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-209-x/2013001/article/11784/c-g/fig02-eng.htmhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-209-x/2013001/article/11784/c-g/fig02-eng.htm

36. Fecundity • Fecundity is the ability to reproduce • A woman is fecund if she has the potential to bear offspring • Affected by diet and health • The opposite of fecundity is being sterile (unable to naturally produce children)

37. Fertility, Fecundity and Culture • Culture influences: • Health (diet can effect fecundity, maternal health, menarche) • Beliefs about child rearing • Desire to have children • Number of children wanted

38. Baby Crash • Complete worksheet and hand in

39. The Child Free Choice

40. Voluntary Childlessness • Voluntary childlessness is when people choose not to have children • They are fecund (able to have children) • The number of people in Canada that intend to stay childfree has remained constant • Results in stereotyping and misunderstanding • People must justify the choice to not have children

41. Involuntary Childlessness

42. Involuntary Childlessness • People that want children but are unable to conceive for different reasons • Infertility: being unable to have children naturally; absence of actual reproduction • Cannot find a suitable mate • Cultural Issues • Infertility of mate

43. Infertility • A couple must have been trying to conceive for over a year without success • Several factors can contribute to infertility • STI’s, illness, age • Estrogen levels in water systems • Chemicals such as BPA’s • Can lead to emotional distress

44. Assisted Child Rearing • Infertility can be assisted • Adoption • Reproductive technologies • IUI, AID, IVF, GIFT • Surrogacy

45. Adoption • Does not change the population since the births are already recorded • Alters who demographers/census counts as the family • Changes who is legally responsible for the child/youth

46. Adoption • Some facts from the Adoption Council of Canada (adoption.ca) • Public (foster care): $0 - $3,000 • Licensed Private Agency: $10,000 - $20,000 • International: $20,000 - $30,000 • Approx. 30,000 children available for adoption

48. Article Analysis • Read Childfree by Choice • Answer Questions: • What percentage of 20-34 year olds intend to remain childfree? Is it very different for men and women? • What role does religion, education and income have in the decision? • Do we still live in a “kidcentric” society?

49. Reproductive Technologies

50. Psychological Impact • Emotional Devastation • Shock of being infertile • Feelings of • Guilt: letting others down • Sadness: dreams not fulfilled, mourning loss • Loss of control: life plan changes • Anger: at self and others • Isolation: private grief