Introduction to Sensorimotor Intelligence: Early Language Development and Cognitive Stages

1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Sensorimotor Intelligence 4. Information Processing 5. Language: What Develops in the First Two Years? 6. Closing Thoughts 2

Introduction [Video: Cognitive Development Introduction] 3

Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. If a 5-month-old drops a rattle out of a crib, the baby probably will not look down to search for it. 2. A baby is given keys to grasp, and if the baby is teething, it will be motivated to see if these keys afford an opportunity to chew. 3. Children the world over follow the same sequence in early language development. 4. When they first begin combining words, infants tend to put them in the correct order, as in “more juice.” 4

sensorimotor intelligence: Piaget’s term for the way infants think—by using their senses and motor skills. What happens during the sensorimotor stageof cognitive development? What happens in each stage of Sensorimotor Development? Primary circular reactions Secondary circular reactions Tertiary circular reactions Stage 1 (birth – 1 month) Stage 3 (4 - 8 months) Stage 5 (12 – 18 months) Stage 4 (8 – 12 months) Stage 6 (18 – 24 months) Stage 2 (1 – 4 months) 5

[Video: Piaget’s Stages of Sensorimotor Intelligence] 6

Primary Circular Reactions How do infants adapt as they learn to suck a thumb? primary circular reactions:When the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them. 7

Secondary Circular Reactions secondary circular reactions: Infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move. object permanence: The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. Where are you? Where is it? 8

Secondary Circular Reactions [Video: 9-Month Old Failing A-not-B Task] 9

Stages Five and Six What is Doll Play? tertiary circular reactions: Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world. 10

Piaget and Research Methods Can babies think before they talk? EEG (electroencephalogram):Technique that measures electrical activity in the top layers of the brain, where the cortex is. 11 11

Piaget and Research Methods [Video: Understanding Neuroscience Methods: ERP] 12

Affordances When can you catch a ball? affordance:An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment. dynamic perception: Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change. 13

Affordances [Video: The Visual Cliff Clip] 14

Memory reminder session: A perception experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment. A baby learns that when it kicks, the mobile moves… then, as time passes, what happens? 15

Memory [Video: Research of Carolyn Rovee-Collier] 16

How do we learn our native language? Environment Spoken language heard provides input to design Brain Mechanisms for understanding and producing language Behavior Mastery of native language Genes 17

What Develops in the First Two Years? [Video: Infant Speech Perception] 18

The Universal Sequence: From Birth Through 24 Months Newborn 2 monthsold child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. 3 monthsold 6 monthsold 23

The Universal Sequence: From Birth Through 24 Months [Video: A Journey Through Infancy and Toddlerhood] 24

The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months 9 monthsold 12 monthsold holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: “Dada!”) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. 18 monthsold 24 monthsold 29

The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months [Video: A Journey Through Infancy and Toddlerhood] 30

Theories of Language Learning Four Theories About Language Learning • Based on behaviorism (for example: baby says “ma-ma-ma”; mother reinforces by smiling, repeating the sound, praising/rewarding the baby) • Parents are expert teachers • Frequent repetition of words is instructive • Well-taught infants become well-spoken children • Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings • Early communication focuses on emotional messages of speech and not the words Infants need to be taught Social-pragmatic Theories of Language Learning Infants teach themselves Hybrid theory • Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age. • How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances. Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation. 31

Theories of Language Learning [Video: Chomsky’s View of Language Development] 32

Closing Thoughts In a few sentences, how would you summarize the leap in cognitive development that infants make in their first two years? (Include thinking, memory, and language in your response). 33

Introduction to Sensorimotor Intelligence: Early Language Development and Cognitive Stages

Introduction to Sensorimotor Intelligence: Early Language Development and Cognitive Stages

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