Risk Management

1. Risk Management Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G., Wilkinson, B., (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resource CD Rom, De Montfort University

2. Key Principles • Proportionate – matched to the risks identified and neither over or under intrusive. • Necessary – genuinely required in order to protect actual and potential victims. • Prescribed by law – allowed and or required by legislation. • Fair and just – justified, non-discriminatory, does not over intrude on particular groups. • Defensible – open and transparent to public accountability with clear decision-making. • Realistic and achievable – interventions and actions are realistic and achievable, plans are 'do-able'. • Protective – offers reasonable protection of victims. • Balanced – where possible combining risk protection with rehabilitative aims. • Evidence-based – rooted in robust evidence and rigorous risk assessment procedures. • Transparent – open to reasonable scrutiny, for example by peers, tribunals, legal challenge. • Recorded and communicated – decisions are appropriately recorded, and communicated to those who need to know. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

3. Be SMART! •  Specific •  Measurable •  Achievable •  Realistic •  Targeted (and timely), and •  Anti-Discriminatory Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

4. Interventions should be... • Well matched to the risks presented. • Take into account the ‘readiness to change’ of the offender/ prisoner. • Be delivered as intended. • Be enforced. • Have a relapse prevention plan. • Have a contingency plan in case of escalating risk. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

5. Using Approach Goals • Goals that are of value to the offender, framing the offender's objectives in pro-social terms. • Achieve difficult goals in incremental, small steps, and give positive feedback on success. • View the offender holistically, focusing on a broad range of current concerns, and help the offender to prioritise those areas that require attention. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

6. Engaging Offenders • Engage offenders. • Motivate offenders to change. • Assess readiness to change. • Use your authority effectively. • Use your role to provide pro-social modelling. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

7. Good Lives Model • Understand offence patterns and cognitive restructuring • Deviant sexual arousal • Victim impact/empathy training • Affective regulation • Social skills training • Safety planning or maintenance strategies • (Ward et al 2007) Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

8. Good Practice in Interventions • Cognitive-behavioural approaches. • Matching treatment to risk(s) posed. • Focusing on known risk factors. • Delivering treatment responsively. • Taking a collaborative approach. • Maintaining the integrity of the programme. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

9. Key Interventions with Sex Offenders • Changing patterns of deviant sexual arousal. • Correcting distorted thinking and educating offenders in the ‘cycle of abuse’. • Educating offenders about the effects and impact of abuse. • Increasing social competence. • Victim empathy. • Controlling sexual arousal. • Reducing denial. • Relapse prevention. • Problem recognition and problem solving. • Skills practice for improving interpersonal relationships. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

10. Key Interventions with Violent Offenders • Interventions and programme content must be well matched to the nature, extent and type of violence. • Change the violent thinking patterns of offenders. • Change the violent behaviour patterns of offenders. • Change the ‘logic of violence’ and the justifications used for offending. • Increase victim empathy and reduce victim blaming. • Promote alternative pro-social thinking and behaviour patterns. • Teach pro-social problem solving skills. • Teach relapse prevention skills. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

11. Internal / Constructive Reducing triggers & opportunities avoidance diversion developing thinking Active participation in interventions programmes Risk Management Strategies External / Restrictive • Reducing triggers & opportunities • eg restrictive conditions • Delivered through external limits & controls • includes details of programme provision Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

12. Stable Treatment targets Offender Circumstances Dealing with other issues for example substance misuse Dynamic Factors - Ongoing Vigilance • Acute • Victim access • Emotional collapse • Collapse of social support • Hostility • Substance use • Sexual Preoccupation • Rejection of supervision • Unique factors Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

13. Consistent enforcement of rules; censure do not reward; programme re aggression and violent fantasies/behaviour; rehearsing alternatives; Victim safety plan Monitor for key escalation signs Behavioural contracts Risk Management Plans that Target Problematic Behaviours • Aggression and assaultative behaviour Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

14. Managing Relapse • Target negative attitudes particularly victim blaming • Be alert to high-risk situations, (grooming victims, access to partners) • ‘SIDS’ seemingly irrelevant decisions-choice of activity, place to go, etc. • Feelings of fatalism- ‘I can’t cope, why should I bother’ etc. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

15. Escalating Risk and Deteriorating Behaviour: Key Signs • Relationship change or breakdown, bereavement. • Loss of employment, accommodation. • Deterioration in outward appearance. • Increased alcohol/ drug consumption. • Change in usual mood and/or routine behaviour for no apparent reason. • Unusual requests e.g. change of work or location for no apparent reason. • Change in reporting pattern, behaviour in interview or group programme. • Breakdown in support systems. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University

16. Good Practice Messages • Inquiries into risk management failures also identify the need for: • A constant emphasis on public protection despite the complexity of difficult cases. • Sound risk assessment involving appropriate methods used by trained and experienced staff. • A clear link between such risk assessment and the Risk Management Plan. • Courses of action or intervention identified as necessary and delivered as planned. • Clarity about multi-agency and multi-disciplinary roles and responsibilities. • Effective inter-agency communication and agreed shared tasks. Kemshall, H., Mackenzie, G. & Wilkinson, B. (2011) Risk of Harm Guidance and Training Resources CD ROM. De Montfort University