An introduction to the EMC Directive

1. An introduction to the EMC Directive

2. Agenda • Introduction to the EMC Directive • Objective / scope • Enforcement • Important § • Presentation of the new “guidance document” • Introduction to EMC testing / Standards • EMC and other directives • Services at DNV related to EMC • Examples and cases

3. What is EMC ? • Electromagnetic Compatibility • Emission • Immunity • Definition: “ The ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable disturbances to anything in that environment ”

4. Radiated Emission Radiated Emission Conducted Emission Click noise t Harmonics f 50Hz Emission Signal Cables Mains Cable

5. ESD Radiated noise induced on cables Radiated noise - 50Hz Magnetic fields - Radio-frequency fields Conducted noise Transient noise: - Fast - Slow t t Immunity Signal Cables Mains Cable

6. Why EMC ? • Mandatory requirement in Europe and in many other Countries ! • Increasingly important !! • Faster electronics • More wireless electronics • More and more critical functions rely on electronics • Economically profitable !!! • Increased reliability • Better performance • Less service costs • Less unexplainable malfunctions • Less risk of violating the product liability law

7. The EMC Directive 89/336/EEC • Amended by 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC (also 91/263 and 93/97) • Applies to virtually all electronic products • Is a “New Approach” directive • Is a “Total Harmonization” directive • Came into force 1996-01-01 • Products without the CE mark cannot be “placed on the market” after 1996-01-01

8. Important § and definitions

9. Scope • Article 2 of the Directive: “ Applies to all apparatus liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is liable to be affected by such disturbance ” • ‘Apparatus’ is defined as: “ All electrical and electronic appliances together with equipment and installations containing electrical or electronic components ”

10. Essential protection requirements • Article 4 of the Directive: “ Apparatus referred to in article 2 shall be so constructed that: (a) the electromagnetic disturbance it generates does not exceed a level allowing radio and telecommunications equipment and other apparatus to operate as intended (b) the apparatus has an adequate level of intrinsic immunity of electromagnetic disturbance to enable it to operate as intended ”

11. Routes of Compliance Article 10.1 of the Directive: “ In the case of apparatus for which the manufacturer has applied the standards referred to in Article 7 (1), the conformity of apparatus with this Directive shall be certified by an EC declaration of conformity issued by the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community. The declaration shall be held at the disposal of the competent authority for ten years following the placing of the apparatus on the market. The manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community shall also affix the EC conformity mark to the apparatus or else to the packaging, instructions for use or guarantee certificate. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorized representative is established within the Community, the above obligation to keep the EC declaration of conformity available shall be the responsibility of the person who places the apparatus on the Community market. The provisions governing the EC declaration and the EC mark are set out in Annex I. “

12. Routes of Compliance Article 10.2 of the Directive: “ In the case of apparatus for which the manufacturer has not applied, or has applied only in part, the standards referred to in Article 7 (1) or failing such standards, the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community shall hold at the disposal of the relevant competent authorities, as soon as the apparatus is placed on the market, a technical construction file. This file shall describe the apparatus, set out the procedures used to ensure conformity of the apparatus with the protection requirements referred to in Article 4 and include a technical report or certificate, one or other obtained from a competent body. The file shall be held at the disposal of the competent authorities for ten years following the placing of the apparatus on the market. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative is established within the Community, this obligation to keep a technical file available shall be the responsibility of the person who places the apparatus on the Community market. The conformity of apparatus with that described in the technical file shall be certified in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Member States shall presume, subject to the provisions of this paragraph, that such apparatus meets the protection requirements referred to in Article 4. “

13. Routes of Compliance Article 10.5 of the Directive: “ The conformity of apparatus designed for the transmission of radiocommunications, as defined in the International Telecommunication Union Convention, with the provisions of this Directive shall be certified in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 1 once the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community has obtained and EC type-examination certificate concerning this apparatus issued by one of the notified bodies referred to in paragraph 6 below. This provision shall not apply to the above apparatus where it is designed and intended exclusively for radio amateurs within the meaning of Article 2 (3).“

14. No Yes Yes No Routes of compliance Does the product contain radio transmitters ? Product Can Harmonized standards be applied in full ? Standards route (Art. 10.1) Technical construction file route (Art. 10.2) EC type-examination route (Art. 10.5)

15. Standards route (Art. 10.1) • Apply Harmonized standards 1) • Issue EC declaration of conformity • Affix the CE mark _______________________ 1) The term ‘ensures conformity with’ is used, ie. testing is not necessarily required or relevant

16. Harmonized standards • So far eight lists of harmonized standards have been listed in the Official Journal: • C101, 3 April 1998 • C 270, 6 September 1997 • C60, 29 February 1996 • C325, 6 December 1995 • C241/2, 16 September 1995 • C49, 17 February 1994 • C90, 10 April 1992 • C44, 19 February 1992

17. Technical construction file route (Art. 10.2) • Prepare a TCF for the product, containing the following information: • Description of the product • Procedure used to ensure conformity to the essential requirements of the directive • A report or certificate from a Competent body • Issue EC Declaration of Conformity (DoC) • Affix the CE mark

18. Usual circumstances for using the TCF route • No applicable Harmonized standards available • Harmonized standards used in parts only • Impractical to test, due to physical properties of the product • Impractical to test, due to large number of similar variants of the product • Product certified to standards not recognised by EC Note: The manufacturer chooses what tests or services he requires from the Competent Body

19. Experience from TCF projects • Who makes the TCF ? • Must be a controlled document • Lots of irrelevant information • “Technical rationale” important • What are the documentation requirements for sub-components already CE marked ? • Acceptance of tests carried out by the manufacturer himself • Continuous communication between the Competent Body and the manufacturer is of vital importance !

20. EC type-examination route(Art. 10.5) • Apply for EC type-examination by a Notified body, which: • Checks conformity of the product against the Directive • Checks conformity between the product and its documentation • Carries out necessary/additional tests • Issues a EC type-examination certificate • Issue EC Declaration of Conformity (DoC) • Affix the CE mark

21. Contents of the EC Declaration of Conformity • A description of the apparatus • Reference to the specifications under which conformity is declared • Where appropriate, reference to the TCF • Where appropriate, reference to the EC type-examination certificate issued by the Notified body • Identification of the signatory

22. Requirements for the CE mark • Graphical profile, as follows: • Preferably on the product itself, or alternatively on the packaging, instructions for use or guarantee certificate • May not be smaller than 5 mm

23. Presentation of the new “guidance document”

24. Guidelines for the EMC Directive • The Commission issued in 1993 a “Guidelines on the application of council directive 89/336/EEC...” document • A new “guidance document” is now in the final stage (The succeeding slides are based upon this document.)

25. The new “guidance document” General remarks: • The text of the directive overrule the ”guidance document” (only ment for interpretation) • Lots of text / repetitive information • A compromise (influenced by many parties) • Several versions of the documetn exist • Lots of unofficial versions on the Internet

26. Objectives • Main objectives: Guarantee the free movement of apparatus and to create an acceptable electromagnetic environment in the EEA territory • To achieve these objectives, the EMC Directive lays down protection requirements and procedures under which the manufacturer may himself assess his apparatus against these requirements or may have it assessed by third parties

27. Definitions • Placing on the market: “ The making available, against payment or free of charge, of a product covered by the Directive, and intended for a user, in the Community market for the purpose of distribution and/or use on the Community territory ” • Putting into service: “ The first use on the Community territory, by its end user, of a product referred to in the Directive”

28. Definitions, contd. • Manufacturer: “ The person who assumes responsibility for the design and manufacture of a product covered by the Directive with a view to placing it on the Community market on his own behalf ” • Authorised representative: “ The person or persons expressly appointed by the manufacturer by a written mandate to act on his behalf in respect of certain manufacturers obligations. “

29. Definitions, contd. • Importer: “ The person who places in the EEA market an apparatus which is covered by a Directive and imported from a third country. ” • Other responsible persons: “ When neither the manufacturer, nor the authorised representative,nor the importer is established in the EEA, any other person resident in the EEA who places the apparatus in the EEA market. “

30. EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart

31. EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

32. EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

33. EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd. 1 To determine whether the equipment contains electrical and/or electronic parts or components. 2/3 To examine total/partial inclusions/exclusions quoted in the EMC Directive. Detailed guidance is given in chapter 5.2 especially in relation to exclusions explicitly given in the EMC Directive, and specific Directives within the meaning of article 2.2 of the EMC Directive. In case of partial exclusions, the extent to which the protection requirements are harmonised by other regulations, especially specific Directives, is identified. The EMC Directive shall then be applied to apparatus or protection requirements where they are not covered by the specific directives or regulations. 4 To apply article 2.1 to determine whether the electrical equipment may be considered as passive from an EMC viewpoint (in this case it is excluded from the scope of the EMC Directive) or not. Chapter 5.3 gives the definition for passive-EM electrical equipment as well as illustrative examples.

34. EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

35. EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd. 5To determine whether the equipment is mentioned explicitly in the list appended (Annex III) to the EMC Directive (chapter 5.2). 6 To check if any harmonised product standard or family product standard, published in the OJ under the umbrella of the EMC directive can be applied (see annex 7 of this guide). 7 to determine whether the equipment may be considered exempted from the EMC Directive with regard to the criteria described in chapter 5.4 which are commonly accepted by all parties involved in writing these guidelines. 8 to 10 The manufacturer has to determine the classification of his electrical apparatus as component, finished product, system or installation. This technical-commercial classification is based on the definitions given in this guide together with the detailed clarifications and different cases given in the relevant chapters for components, finished products, systems and installations.

36. EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

37. EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd. • Components with a direct function must always be accompanied by the instructions for use as required by the EMC Directive in its Annex III. Only when they have a direct function and they are placed on the market as single commercial units for distribution and/or a final user are they subject to the other provisions of the Directive. A definition, criteria and illustrative examples are given in chapter 6.2. • Finished products must be always accompanied by instructions for use as required by the EMC Directive in Annex III. Only when they are placed on the market as single commercial units for distribution and/or a final user are they subject to the other provisions of the Directive. A definition, criteria and illustrative examples are given in chapter 6.3. • Systems and installations are covered by the EMC Directive, but the specific provisions are detailed respectively in chapter 6.4 for systems and 6.5 for installations.

38. Application of the EMC Directive to components • The EMC Directive applies to a component, if: • it is intended to be marketed individually for distribution and/or use as a single commercial unit for the users • it delivers a “direct function” Example: A resistor does not fall under the Directive, but a DC-DC converter available in stores does

39. With direct function? Without direct function? Such a component is an ‘apparatus’: It is subject to all provisions of the EMC directive. The manufacturer must deliver complete instructions for use suitable for the intended purpose of the finished product The direct function is available without further adjustments or connections other than simple ones which can be performed by any person not fully aware of the EMC implications Such a component may be placed on the market as a single commercial unit for distribution and final use The only requirement for such a component is to provide it with instructions for use for the professional assembler or manufacturer of the final apparatus into which the component will be incorporated. These instructions should help him to solve any EMC problems within his final apparatus The direct function is not available without further adjustments or connections other than simple ones which can be performed by any person not fully aware of the EMC implications Such a component must not be be placed on the market as a single commercial unit for distribution and final use Application of the EMC Directive to components, contd. Component

40. Application of the EMC Directive to apparatus • The EMC Directive applies to all apparatus for which the ‘general criteria for the application of the EMC Directive’ is satisfied and that is not partially or totally excluded from the directive by other directives or by consensus

41. Application of the EMC Directive to systems • The EMC Directive in general applies to systems • Keywords for further discussion: • Systems assembled from apparatus and/or components which are not CE marked • Various configurations

42. = + Application of the EMC Directive to systems, contd.

43. Application of the EMC Directive to installations • The EMC Directive in general does not apply to installations, based on the assumption that the installation instruction and instruction for use for the apparatus and systems concerned are followed

44. An introduction to EMC testing

45. EMC testing • Reflect the electromagnetic environment in which the product is intended to “live its life” • As EMC is difficult to prove by means of theoretical models, testing still remains the best way of verifying the EMC performance

46. Types of EMC Standards • Emission / Immunity • Product Standards • Product-family Standards • Generic Standards • Basic Standards A number of other standards, such as MIL STD, also available

47. Product- / Product-family Standards • EMC requirements for a given product or product-family • Test levels are specified • Details of how to set up, configure and run the product during the testing • Detailed Criteria of Acceptance are specified • Basic Standards are referred to • Can be directly referenced in the DoC ! • Note: Often “out of date”

48. Generic Standards • Used in the absence of Product-/Product-family Standards • Divided into two categories of environments: • Residential, Commercial and Light Industrial • (Heavy) Industrial • Drawn up because the process of producing Product-/ Product-family Standards is slow • New products do not have suitable Product-/Product-family Standards • Some rare products will never have adequate or suitable Product-/Productfamily Standards

49. Generic Standards, contd. • Test levels are specified • Three general Criteria of Acceptance are specified (A/B/C) • Basic Standards are referred to • Can be directly referenced in the DoC !

50. Basic Standards • Each standard reflects an EM phenomenon in a given environment • Contains details about how to conduct the actual test • Minimal specification of test equipment • Frequency range, sensitivity, pulse shape, etc. • Uncertainties • Calibration / test verification • Gives alternative severity levels, only • Often adopted from Product-/Product-family standards (e.g. IEC 801-X) • Cannot be directly referenced in the DoC !