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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 What’s A Brain? Part 1

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 What’s A Brain? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Meshberger, JAMA 264:1837-1841. The Fundamental Circularity of Being. “The world is inseparable from the subject, but from a subject which is nothing but a projection of the world,

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 What’s A Brain? Part 1

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  1. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 What’s A Brain? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Meshberger, JAMA 264:1837-1841

  2. The Fundamental Circularity of Being “The world is inseparable from the subject, but from a subject which is nothing but a projection of the world, and the subject is inseparable from the world, but from a world which the subject itself projects.” Merleau-Ponty (1906-1961)

  3. Dualism Belief in the dual nature of reality Mind and body are separate Body is made of ordinary matter Mind is not Monism Belief that everything in the universe consists of matter and energy Mind is a phenomenon produced by the workings of the nervous system Mind-Body Question

  4. The goal of Cognitive Neuroscience is to provide and explain the mapping between brain and mind Or put another way, between structure and function Is there an identity such that brain=mind? Is it more of a correspondence? Just what is the relationship?

  5. BODY/BRAIN MIND Memory Attention Language Planning Creativity Awareness Consciousness BODY-MIND RELATIONSHIP(STRUCTURE-FUNCTION) Classical physics

  6. BODY/BRAIN MIND Memory Attention Language Planning Creativity Awareness Consciousness BODY-MIND RELATIONSHIP(STRUCTURE-FUNCTION) Self-directed neural plasticity? Quantum physics and the causal efficacy of thought?

  7. Is Reality a “Construction”?

  8. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) De Homine – 1662 Mechanistic view of brain Pineal gland – gateway to soul “…ingenuity and originality were unfortunately based on pure speculation and incorrect anatomical observations.” “I think therefore I am”

  9. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Professor of Obstetrics Moves frog leg with static electricity Detects electricity in the nerves of frogs

  10. Bell –Magendi Law 1811

  11. Paul Broca (1824-1880) Anthropologist and anatomist Paris educated MD pathologist “Tan” aphasic patient died in April 1861 “Nous parlons avez l’hemisphere gauche” (We speak with the left hemisphere)

  12. Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) Analysis of the shapes and lumps of the skull would reveal a person’s personality and intellect. Phrenology

  13. Modern Phrenology

  14. Unilateral Neglect • lesions to right parietal cortex • failure to notice things on the left side • failure to remember things on the left side

  15. Split Brain

  16. Functional units of communication 100 billion + a few million Independent units (Neuron Doctrine) Bioelectrically driven (Functional polarity) Categorized in terms of Function (sensory, motor); Location (cortical, spinal); NT (cholinergic); Shape (pyramidal, stellate) Neurons

  17. dendrites Bipolar cells axon terminal bouton

  18. Variety of MultipolarNeurons • Differ in terms of: • genes expressed • chemicals • shape • arborization • connectivity patterns… • Structure  function • 104 connections per neuron • 1014 total interconnections • (one hundred trillion)

  19. Dendritic Spines

  20. Myelination • Insulates axon • Speeds up conduction without increasing diameter of axon • Saves energy Nodes of Ranvier

  21. Neuroglial Cells • Physical and metabolic support • 90% of cells in brain • Four types • Astrocytes (maintenance/support) • Oligodendrocytes (myelin) • Ependymal (line ventricles) • Microglia (macrophages)

  22. Einstein’s Brain Greater number of neuroglia Larger inferior parietal cortex

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