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Special theory of relativity (1905) general theory of relativity

Dept of Phys. M.C. Chang. Special theory of relativity (1905) general theory of relativity. Space and time. Newton. Post-Newton. Inertial frame and noninertial frame. The velocity of light. C=299792458 m/s. 100+200=300. C+C=2C?.

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Special theory of relativity (1905) general theory of relativity

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  1. Dept of Phys M.C. Chang • Special theory of relativity (1905) • general theory of relativity

  2. Space and time Newton Post-Newton

  3. Inertial frame and noninertial frame

  4. The velocity of light C=299792458 m/s 100+200=300 C+C=2C? The velocity of light is the same to all observers (in inertial frames)

  5. Simultaneity There is no unique “now”.

  6. ct ct’ vt Time dilation (a moving clock ticks slower) ct’ An optical clock

  7. In 1971, experimenters from the U.S. Naval Observatory undertook an experiment to test time dilation .

  8. The twin paradox

  9. Length contraction (a moving object shrinks) Relative point of view

  10. The barn-pole paradox

  11. Relativistic mass (a moving object becomes heavier) Nothing moves faster than the speed of light

  12. The most famous formula in the world

  13. Nuclear fusion 由氘及氚組成的靶 deuterium tritium

  14. L. Livermore National Lab. 核融合設施 (NIF)

  15. Special theory of relativity • general theory of relativity (the theory of gravity, 1916)

  16. Objects of different weights fall at the same speed

  17. The principle of equivalence =

  18. The bending of light by gravity

  19. Gravitational lens

  20. Relativity in GPS (Global Positioning System) with on-board atomic clocks USD 350 Accuracy: 30 nanosecond → 15 meters

  21. Gravity slows down a clock (g/4) Relativistic effect: Faster by -7+45=38 microsec per day = an error of 11 km!

  22. Gravity balanced by pressure

  23. Black hole Gravitational collapse will always occur on any star over 5 solar masses, inevitably producing a black hole a space-time singularity Schwarzschild radius (1916)

  24. Detecting gravitational wave LIGO Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, Hanford, WA + Livingston, LA

  25. Lisa (launch > 2018 ) Laser Interferometer Space Antenna a resolution of 20 picometers over a distance of 5 million kilometers !! 20xx?

  26. The milky way

  27. Our galaxy

  28. 2.6 ± 0.2 million times the mass of the Sun

  29. 2.5 MLYs away • 0.2 MLYs in diameter • 10^12 stars

  30. Cluster of galaxy

  31. Large-scale structure of the universe (each blue dot is a galaxy!) "Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is." The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

  32. Shape of the universe http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec15.html Einstein’s field equation Λ>0 leads to repulsion Cosmological constant (<-> vacuum energy)

  33. Red shift Hubble’s law (1929) 1 pc=3.26 ly

  34. (The name was given by Hoyle, 1950)

  35. From Mather’s slide

  36. Oldest galaxy known Age ～ 13 billion yrs

  37. Penzias and Wilson 1978

  38. Background radiation (COBE satellite) 1% TV static Dipole due to earth motion 10-3 Galactic plane 10-5

  39. The universe at age 389000 years Mather & Smoot 2006 COBE (launched 1989) WMAP (launched 2001) angular resolution～ 0.3°

  40. Space travel Caution:Slippery ahead

  41. The matricide (or grandpa) paradox

  42. Thank you

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