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38: Response to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction

38: Response to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Terrorist Groups. Violent religious groups Doomsday cults Extremist political groups Technology terrorists Single-issue groups. Types of WMD. Nuclear Chemical Biological Explosives. Threat Level.

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38: Response to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction

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  1. 38: Response to Terrorism and Weaponsof Mass Destruction

  2. Terrorist Groups • Violent religious groups • Doomsday cults • Extremist political groups • Technology terrorists • Single-issue groups

  3. Types of WMD • Nuclear • Chemical • Biological • Explosives

  4. Threat Level Be aware of the threat level issued by the Department of Homeland Security.

  5. Recognizing a Terrorist Event • Type of location • Type of call • Number of patients • Victims’ statements • Pre-incident indicators

  6. Response Actions • Scene safety • Responder safety • Notification procedures • Establishing command • Reassessing scene safety

  7. Characteristicsof Chemical Agents • Persistency/volatility • Route of exposure • Vapor hazard • Contact hazard

  8. Vesicants (Blister Agents)

  9. Signs and Symptomsof Vesicant Exposure • Skin irritation/blisters • Eye injuries • Respiratory problems

  10. Treatment of Vesicant Exposure • Decontaminate. • Support airway. • Transport to burn center.

  11. Pulmonary Agents • Inhaled gases • Causes damage to lung tissue • Two classes: • Chlorine • Phosgene

  12. Treatmentof Pulmonary Exposure • Have patient removed from contaminated atmosphere. • Aggressively manage airway. • Provide rapid transport.

  13. Nerve Agents • Vapor or contact hazards • Causes overstimulation of organs • Two classes • G series • V series

  14. Signs and Symptomsof Nerve Agents • Two mnemonics: • Salivation, Sweating • Lacrimation (excessive tearing) • Urination • Defecation, Drooling, Diarrhea • Gastric upset and cramps • Emesis (vomiting) • Muscle twitching • Diarrhea • Urination • Miosis • Bradycardia • Bronchospasm • Emesis • Lacrimation • Seizures, Salivation, • Sweating

  15. Treatmentof Nerve Agent Exposure • Patient decontamination • Airway and ventilatory support • Administration of MARK 1 kit

  16. Insecticides • Many insecticides are organophosphates. • Lower concentrations than found in nerve agents

  17. Metabolic Agents • Cyanide • Common in industrial settings • Affect the body’s ability to use oxygen

  18. Signs and Symptoms • Breathing difficulty • Altered mental status • Seizures • Coma • Respiratory/cardiac arrest

  19. Treatment • Patient decontamination must occur. • Support ABCs.

  20. Biological Agents • Viruses • Bacterium • Neurotoxins

  21. Viruses • Require living host • Replicate themselves within healthy cells

  22. Smallpox • Highly contagious • Utilize good BSI. • Begins with high fever, body aches • Lesions identical • Blisters begin on face and extremities. • Vaccine linked to medical complications.

  23. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers • Ebola, Rift Valley, and Yellow Fever • Cause blood to seep from tissues and blood vessels • Initially present with flu-like symptoms • Use BSI.

  24. Bacteria • Do not require a host • Can be fought with antibiotics • Most infections begin with flu-like symptoms.

  25. Cutaneous Anthrax

  26. Plague

  27. Neurotoxins • Most deadly substances known • Produced by plants, marine animals, molds, and bacteria • May be inhaled, ingested, or injected

  28. Botulinum Toxin • Most potent neurotoxin • Produced by bacteria • Causes paralysis • Paralysis leads to respiratory arrest

  29. Ricin • Comes from castor beans • Causes pulmonary edema, respiratory/circulatory failure • Treatment = respiratory and cardiovascular support

  30. EMT RolesDuring Biological Events • Syndromic surveillance • Identification of outbreaks • Strategic National Stockpile • Participation at distribution sites

  31. Types of Radiation

  32. Radiological/Nuclear Devices • Radiological dispersal devices • Dirty bombs • Nuclear weapons • Nuclear bombs/missiles • Special Atomic Demolition Munitions

  33. Signs and Symptomsof Radioactive Exposure • Varies depending on: • Amount of radiation • Route of exposure • Low exposure: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Moderate exposure: first-degree burns, hair loss, depletion of immune system, cancer • Severe exposure: Second/third-degree burns, cancer, death

  34. Treatment • Decontaminate if needed. • Support ABCs. • Treat associated burns and trauma.

  35. Protective Measures • Time • Distance • Shielding

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