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Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 11 20 th Century Architecture (Part 4)

University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning. Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 11 20 th Century Architecture (Part 4) Congress of International Architecture & Modernism (CIAM)

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Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 11 20 th Century Architecture (Part 4)

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  1. University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 11 20th Century Architecture (Part 4) Congress of International Architecture & Modernism (CIAM) Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.2009

  2. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture • First Generation Frank Lloyd Wright, Mies Van DerRohe, Walter Gropious & Le Corbusier Style of 1st Generation: - The refusal of adopting traditional architecture on the basis that old architecture did not suit the needs & desire of the users; - Seeking great effort to arrive at individual solutions (They left behind new ways of thinking & distinguished approaches without considering these as a style of architecture; - Buildings produced do much emphasize individualism & dictatorship; & - Approaches provided expresses each architect personal character Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  3. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture • The most important schools featuring the 1st generation are: 1. Bau House 2. CIAM Group 3. Functional Theory 4. Organic Theory Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  4. CIAM Group • Established in 1928 comprising 24 architects seeking the development of modern architecture & has its focus on residential development and urban planning • The Group has hold 10 meetings as follows; 1. The first concentrated on economic & social aspects of Architecture 2. The 2nd meeting revolved around affordable housing and the search for a better housing conditions 3. The 3rd meeting held in Brussels discussing land use & the materials used for building construction 4. The 4th meeting offered the Athena Summit in 1933 discussing the useful city where the city itself has been classified as: residential, working, entertainment & transport. 5. The fifth meeting held in England was centered on the creation of natural atmosphere responding to human senses Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  5. CIAM Group 6. The 6th & 7th meetings certified that Architecture culture has to teach design methods instead of developing skills 7. The 8th meeting held in London providing a report on city centre development 9. The 9th meeting was concerned with the principles of structural construction in line with development growth 10. The 10th meeting studies the relationship between physical shape of buildings & both the social needs & psychological effects. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  6. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture 2. 2nd Generation Largely influenced by ideas & thought of 1st generation despite the attempts of getting ride of such ideas. The most important architects of 2nd generation: Alvar A alto Marcel Breuer Louis Khan Philip Johnson Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  7. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 2nd Generation • Alvar A alto His philosophy & Opinion: - Architecture should emphasize calmness, warmness & Harmony - His work was far from being abstract & from ornaments as well as from unnecessary additions The style adopted: - The use of wood in addition to stone (these 2 materials are the most common ones in Finland) - The use of concrete as an essential construction material saying that Architecture does not need smooth surface structure - The use of wood in the interior (stairs) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  8. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 2nd Generation • Alvar A alto His buildings: 1. Villa Mairea 2. Local Authority of Saynatsalo 3. The Library of Mont Anglo Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  9. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 2nd Generation • Louis Khan His philosophy: - The design should largely emphasize the nature and the time where the design is born - Believed in the reinforced concrete as the only suitable material for building construction whereas the steel or iron are more suitable for ship construction - He says: If the distance between one column & another is more than 30 meters, then the interior space is inhuman losing much more than earning, as the space in between is lost. - tends to emphasize the verticality rather than horizontality - in favor of adopting the classical architecture - The use of clear and straight lines in the floor plans Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  10. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 2nd Generation • Louis Khan The style adopted: - Giving the design a strength by the use of natural materials ( Concrete & red stone) - Clearness - No finishing materials used: the materials of concrete & stones were left as they are. - The use of glass - His attitude is: “ Building as it wants to be” - The emphasis in design is on the relationship between shape, social needs & psychological ones - The differentiation between service area (stair case, lifts, ramps, etc) and served area - Service area are constructed of concrete while served area is of Glass - Contrast in the design: hard/smooth, concrete/glass, low/high, etc Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  11. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 2nd Generation • Louis Khan His building: 1. Laboratory clinics in Phyladilphia 2. Yale University of Art 3. Richard Medical Research Building Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  12. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 2nd Generation • Marcel Breuer his philosophy: attention to details & very clear in expressing the design ideas. “A building is man made, acrystalic constructing thing, it should imitate natural, it should be contrast with natural”. Buildings: 1. Geller House II 2. HUD Office in Washington 3. Australian Embassy, Paris Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  13. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation • Its goal is to approach issues of architecture that has not been discussed by 1st & 2nd generations • Its motive was to develop the architecture of 21st century • Architects of 3rd generation refuse the idea of constant architecture that is inherited • New ideas emerged that are represented in: - the massive buildings (Mega Structure) - Capsule design & the theory of additive, substraction & replacement - The space city Archigram (London) & Metabolism (Japan) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09

  14. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) • Archigram architects have had less options to spread out their ideas. • They focused their intention on the design of a living city • Many were not in agreement with the Archigram style of architecture & consider it as an art. This was much in contrast to Metabolism, largely adopting the modern technology, encouraged by the Japanese government Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  15. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) • Archigram architects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  16. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) • Major projects: Plug in city (1966) by Peter Cook The city design involves metallic housing units; It is a model that is so designed to be repeated, replaced, or to be additive; Its basement is largely made of reinforced concrete or of steel; Such plug in city model has all services included in residential, constructed in the same way adopting to necessary changes. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  17. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) • In the design of “Plug in City”, Peter Cock has made the following with regard to the proposed time limit: - Change of housing units and their orientation each 15 years - Living rooms & bedrooms: 5-8 years - Kitchen & bathrooms: 3 years - The use of inner retail space each 6 months while its location & orientation: 3-6 months - Working spaces: 4 years - Refurbishment of transport network: 20 years - The whole city construction has a time limit of 40 years Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  18. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) • Philosophy of Peter Cock - It is impossible to design spaces for ages adopting to the new technologies invented - Spaces have no changes with regards to human needs (Architectural heritage) - Spaces have changes with regard to human needs adopting to the new conditions Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  19. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Projects of Archigram Group: Plug in Tower by Warren Chalk Plug in City by Peter Cook Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  20. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) • Projects of Archigram Group: Walking City- 1964 – by Ron Herro Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  21. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) • Meaning of ‘Metabolism’: 1. A group of Japanese architects representing the modern thought in architecture based on biological functions & principles. 2. Its philosophy is looking at the society as one integrated unit including animals and plants Accordingly, As the society is a livable process having ongoing development, architecture and adopted technologies have to reflect such livable character within its structural system as it does occur in the surrounding environment Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  22. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) كاوازو Architects of Metabolism: • Philosophy of the Metabolism Group: • Every changing, developed or replaced and this apply to architecture • Traditional buildings are built for 10 years, 100 years or even 1000 of years • Changing of society's needs and the way each generation is using the space within and/or outside the building forces us having a design adopting easily to occurring changes ارتا ایزوزاكي كیكیوتك لكنزو تانج كیشو كاراكارا • Spaces classified as: • Serving parts • Living spaces Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  23. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) • Major Projects: 1. Floating City by Kisho Kurokawa 2. Capsule units Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  24. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) • Major Projects: 2. Capsule units Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  25. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) • Major Projects: 3. Helix City by Kisho Kurokawa 5 Ocean City 4. Wall City Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  26. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) • Major Projects: 6. City in the Sky 7. Space city 8. Agriculture City Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

  27. Architectural Attitudes in the 20th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) • Major Projects: 8. Marine City 9. Um Al Kanhazier Project 10. Youth Castle Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

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