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Origins and Impact of Bilingual Education in the US

Discover the history and influence of bilingual education in the US, focusing on Spanish-English programs like ESL, Transitional, and Dual-Language Learning. Learn about the Cuban roots and influence on the Coral Way K-8 School, shaping bilingual education nationwide. Uncover insights from NYC's bilingual education landscape and challenges faced.

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Origins and Impact of Bilingual Education in the US

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  1. Elizabeth DiLiberto

  2. What is Bilingual Education? • Bilingual education is a broad topic that encompasses many different types of education, with an emphasis on learning two languages at once • Focus is on Spanish-English bilingual education and its origins in the US • 3 main types of bilingual education have developed in the US today

  3. What are the Types of Bilingual Education? • English-Only, or ESL • “Students in freestanding ESL programs receive all instruction in English with native language support” (NYC Department of Education). • Most commonly used in schools in the US today

  4. What are the Types of Bilingual Education? • Transitional • Ray-Subramanian defines transitional bilingual education as “An educational approach in the United States for students with limited English proficiency in which the students are instructed in their primary language for a limited time until they have reached sufficient proficiency in English and are then transitioned to English-only instruction.” • Aim of both transitional and ESL is to transition into English speaking, not foster fluency

  5. What are the Types of Bilingual Education? • Dual-Language Learning • Dual language bilingual education is when academics are taught in both languages, emphasizing fluency in both languages, rather than phasing one or the other language out when proficiency is reached (Dual-Language Education). • But where did bilingual education originate in the US? • Life in the Hyphen alluded to Cuban influence on bilingual education

  6. Cubans in the US • Cubans came to the US in the 1960s seeking refuge due to the Cuban Revolution • Many settled in Florida, specifically Miami, due to the closeness by boat • Started cultural enclaves and grouped with other Cubans • They wanted to participate in and contribute to society

  7. Cuban Influence on Bilingual Education • Wanted to acclimate to (not assimilate into) society while still maintaining Cuban culture • Language is a huge part of culture • Slang, intonation, meaning -- all part of language • Did not want to throw away roots • Cubans took jobs as public school teachers, counselors, and other school staff • Helped design bilingual programs, developed curriculum, and even supplied materials

  8. Coral Way K-8 School • The longest standing and first bilingual school in the US • Allowed the Cuban refugees to not only to work but to teach • Practices dual-language learning with an almost 50/50 split of Spanish- and English-language lessons taught - aim for fluency in both languages • 3 influential Cuban women establishing Spanish-English bilingual education at this school: • Rosa G. Inclan & Herminia Carmano • helped draft and shape proposal for bilingual education • Illuminada Valle • became assistant principal • By 1973, 3% of the school’s staff was Cuban

  9. Further Influences • Though Cubans intended this type of education primarily for their community, bilingual education spread throughout the United States • Without the Cubans pioneering it, there would not be bilingual education as exists today • 1 in 5 Americans come from a home where English is not the primary language - bilingual education (dual language, specifically) offers them the opportunity to continue learning their home language while also learning English

  10. Influence on NYC • About 50% of New Yorkers speak a language other than English at home • 27% of NYC students are or were in a bilingual education program • Even those who don’t speak a second language at home can still take bilingual classes and learn another language • There are many growing industries in NYC that benefit from bilingualism

  11. Problems in NYC • NYC primarily uses ESL as their main method of bilingual education • reason for these poor grades • Why continue using ESL rather than switching to Dual Language Learning? • Perhaps this can change in the future • NYC has a high rate of bilingual education students who are struggling, left behind, and earning poor grades • Poor grades accrued from students can lead to lower funding for these bilingual education programs

  12. Identity and Culture - Takeaway • Cubans stress the importance of a good education, as do many immigrant cultures • Latino people do not join a “melting pot” and become Americanized -- they want to retain their culture • Bilingual education asserts the importance of the first language among Latino people

  13. Sources NYC Department of Education. Language Allocation Policy Guidelines The LAP Handbook for ELL Programs Office of English Language Learners. Language Allocation Policy Guidelines The LAP Handbook for ELL Programs Office of English Language Learners, NYCDOE, 2011. Pellerano, Cristina, et al. “Newsletter for the National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.” Feb. 1998. Potowski, Kim, director. No Child Left Monolingual: Kim Potowski at TEDxUofIChicago. Youtube, TEDx, 3 May 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSs1uCnLbaQ. Ray-Subramanian, Corey. “Transitional Bilingual Education.” Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. 2011, p. 1501. San Miguel, Guadalupe. “Shapers of Their Destiny: A History of the Education of Cuban Children in the United States Since 1959.” US-China Education Review B, Apr. 2013, files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED542968.pdf. “ASPIRA Schools Prove the Benefits of Bilingual Education.” PR.com (Press Releases), 18 Dec. 2016, pp. PR.com (Press Releases), Dec 18, 2016. Balderrama, Anthony. “Eight Industries Needing Bilingual Workers.” CNN, 10 Sept. 2008, www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/worklife/09/10/cb.industries.bilingual/. Burton, James. “The Most Spoken Languages In America.” World Atlas, 25 Apr. 2017, www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-spoken-languages-in-america.html. “Dual-Language Education.” The Glossary of Education Reform, Great Schools Partnership, 29 Aug. 2013, www.edglossary.org/dual-language-education/. “Life in the Hyphen.” The Hispanic Condition: Reflections on Culture and Identity in America, by Ilan Stavans, 1995, p. 10. Martin, Barbara M. “CORAL WAY K-8 CENTER.” Dadeschools.net, www2.dadeschools.net/schools/schoolinformation/school_details.asp?id=1121. Menken, Kate. “From Policy to Practice in the Multilingual Apple: Bilingual Education in New York City.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, vol. 14, no. 2, 2011, pp. 121–131.

  14. Benefits of Bilingualism • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZANBvuS_iDU • job opportunities • social opportunities • improved cognitive functioning

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