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SPOKEN DISCOURSE

SPOKEN DISCOURSE. EGE DABANSIZ 12-132-042. Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing. Writing includes some medium which keeps record of the conveyed message while the spoken message takes place on air .

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SPOKEN DISCOURSE

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  1. SPOKEN DISCOURSE EGE DABANSIZ 12-132-042

  2. Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing • Writingincludessomemediumwhichkeepsrecord of theconveyedmessagewhilethespokenmessagetakesplace on air. • Speech is morespontaneousthanwriting. As a result of this, mistakes, repetitions, sometimeslesscoherentsentences, depending on thetype of thespeech, evengrunts, stuttersorpausesmight be meaningful in particularcontexes. • Inspeech, it develops in time in thespeakersayswithspeed it is suitableforthelistenerandthough a requestforrepetition is possible. • Inspeech, speakersandhearersaremostoften in face-to-faceencounters (unlessusing a phone) theytakeadvantage of extra-linguisticsignals as grimaces, gestures, expressionssuch as ‘here’, ‘now’, or ‘this’ oretc.

  3. Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing • Employment of nonsensevocabulary, slangandcontractedforms -we’re, you’veareotherfeatures of spokendiscourse. Amongothersignificantfeatures of speechtherearerhythm, intonation, speed of utteranceand, what is moreimportant, inabilitytoconcealmistakesmadewhilespeaking (Crystal, 1995). • Writingdevelops in space in that it needs a meanstocarrytheinformation. Theauthor of thetextdoes not oftenknowwho is goingtoreadthetext; as a result he cannotadjusttoreaders’ specificexpectations. • Oneotherfeaturetypical of writing, but never of oral discourse, is theorganization of tables, formulas,orchartswhich can be observedonly in thewritten form (Crystal 1995).

  4. Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing • Bothwrittenandspokendiscourse can takeplace in varyingdegrees of formality, fromveryformaltoinformal. However, writtendiscoursemostlytendstohavemoreformalfeaturesthanthespokendiscourse. • Informalspokenlanguage as well as in mostwrittentexts, vernacularvocabularyandslangare not usedand it is possibletoseemorecomplexsentencestructures, use of passiveconstructions, andmeticulouschoice of vocabulary. • Informaldiscourse, on theotherhand, makesuse of simplesentencesandactivevoicemainly, withpersonalpronounsandverbswhichshowfeelings, opinions, andattitudes, such as such as ‘I think’, ‘webelieve’, etc. Inaddition, contractionsarefrequent in informaldiscourse, no matterif it is writtenorspoken.

  5. Types of Spoken Discourse • Therearetwomaintypes of spokendiscourse; • One of them is monologue, whichincludelectures, propaganda speech, formalpresentations, sermons, etc. • Theotherone is dialogues. Dialoguesareinteractional in nature. Inotherwords, theyareconversations. Theseconversationsareanalyzedwithinthe domain of conversationalanalysis, whichalsoinvolvesturntaking.

  6. Turn-Taking • Conversation is an enterprise in whichonepersonspeaks, andanotherlistens. • Discourseanalystswhostudyconversationnotethatspeakershavesystemsfordeterminingwhenoneperson’sturn is overandthenextperson’sturnbegins. • Thisexchange of turns is signaledbysuchpragmaticmeans as intonation, pausingorphrasing.

  7. Turn-Taking • SpecialNote:Somepeopleawait a clearpausebeforebeginningtospeak, but othersassumethat ‘windingdown’ is an invitationtosomeone else totakethesequence. Whenspeakershavedifferentassumptionsabouthowturnexchangesaresignaled, theymayinadvertentlyinterruptorfeelinterrupted. On theotherhand, speakersalsofrequentlytaketheflooreventhoughtheyknowtheotherspeaker has not invitedthemto do so.

  8. Turn-Taking • Listeningtoomay be signaled in differentways. Somepeopleexpectfrequentnodding as well as listenerfeedbacksuch as ‘mhm’, ‘uhuh’, and ‘yeah’. Lack of thesesignals can createtheimpressionthatsomeone is not listening; morethanexpectedsignals can givetheimpressionthatyouarebeingrushedalong. • Forsome, eyecontact is expectednearlycontinually; forothers, it shouldonly be intermittent. Thetype of listenerresponseyouget can changehowyouspeak.

  9. Discourse Markers • Discoursemarkers is thetermlinguistsgivetothewordslike ‘well’, ‘oh’, ‘but’, and ‘and’ that break ourspeechupintopartsandshowtherelationbetweenparts. • Forexample; ‘Oh’ preparesthehearerfor a surprisingorjust-remembereditem, and ‘but’ indicatesthatsentencetofollow is in oppositiontotheonebefore. • SpecialNote:However, thesemarkers do not necessarilymeanwhatthedictionarysaystheymean. • Forexample; Somepeopleuse ‘and’ justto start a newthought, andsomepeople put ‘but’ at theend of theirsentences, as a way of trailingoffgently.

  10. Discourse Markers • Inface-to-faceconversation, participantshave a widerange of strategiesforcreating a completeandmeaningfultextandmaintaininginvolvement. • Participants, coordinatetheir talk andsecureunderstandingwith body language, paralinguisticfeatureslikeintonation, volume, and tempo, interactionalcueslikeunderstandingchecksandattentionsignals, alongwithgrammaticalfeatureslikediscoursemarkers, hedges, andtags.

  11. Types of Discourse Markers 1. Understandingchecks: Thesearesignalsusedbythespeakertocheckwhetherwhat has beensaid is understood, such as; InEnglish: y’know, right?, huh?, etc. InTurkish: yaa?, Sahi mi?, öyle mi?, deme yahu?, etc. 2. Attentionsignalsareusedbythelistenerstoshowthattheyarefollowingtheconversation, such as; InEnglish: m’hm, uh-huh, wow, really?, etc. InTurkish: Evet, hakkikaten, haklısın, çok doğru, etc.

  12. Types of Discourse Markers 3. ManipulativeDiscourseMarkers: Discoursemarkersarewordsthatareusedtomanipulatetheconversationsuch as; InEnglish: well, I’m not sure anyway, shefinallyquit, it doesn’tmatterthoughtheyallleftearly, y’know InTurkish: yani, hani, işte, şey, etc. 4. Hedgesarelinguisticdevices: Theyarethediscoursemarkersthatareused in ordertoshowthatthespeaker is not totallyinvolved in what is beingsaid. Inotherwords, thespeaker is tryingtoweakentheimpact of theutterance. Theseare; InEnglish: kind of, sort of, a little (bit), well, let’s say, etc. InTurkish: belki, sanmam, emin değilim, etc.

  13. Types of Discourse Markers 5. TagQuestions: Theyarethequestions, askedtoobtainconfirmation of thelistener on a previouslyutteredstatement. Tagquestionswithauxiliary, reversednegativepolarityandpersonalpronoun. Examples in English: a. ‘It’scold, isn’t it?’ or ‘It’s not cold, is it?’ b. ‘Judywillwin, won’tshe?’ or ‘Judywon, didn’tshe?’ Examples in Turkish: a. ‘Bugün hava çok güzel, değil mi?’ b. ‘Sen eve geleceksin, di mi?’

  14. Types of Discourse Markers SpecialNote: Tagquestionsalso can be used in a conversationwithLexicaltagslikeright, okay, huh; Examples in English: a. ItwasJudy, right? b. I’ll do it, okay? c. SoJudywon, huh? Examples in Turkish: a. Yarın buluşuyoruz, tamam mı? b. Haftaya gideriz, tamam mı?

  15. ThanksForYourParticipations

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