Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar System

1. Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar System

2. Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar System

3. Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar System

4. Accretion: Formation of a Terrestrial Planet

5. Basic Segregation by Density

6. Compositional Layering: Density stratification, with highest density at center

7. Water: Refractory substances condense at higher temperature, form inner (terrestrial) planets. These are formed mainly from Fe, Si, Mg, Al bound to O.  Planetary accretion generated heat, causing melting and density stratification.  Outgassing of trapped volatiles in Earth during and after main accretion process formed oceans. Considerable water (and other volatiles) still remain in mantle.

8. ORIGIN OF WATER ON EARTH: Example of volcanic outgassing: Volatile flux from Earth’s interior

9. ACCESSIBLE WATER: EARTH’S SHALLOW CRUST & SURFACE • Most accessible water is saline • Much of the rest is tied up in ice caps & glaciers

10. BRIEF DEFINITION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER • Surface water includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, etc… • Groundwater includes water in the saturated zone beneath the surface • Soil water occurs above the groundwater zone and below surface water • (here we consider this as part of the “groundwater” system)

12. HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER AND ENERGY TRANSFER Water’s high heat capacity and heat of vaporization help to drive weather patterns.

14. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER USE IN THE U.S. • Groundwater accounts for ~25% of use, larger fraction of domestic • and public supply • - “Public supply” use includes domestic, commercial, and industrial

15. U.S. GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWALS: • higher W of Mississippi, due to irrigation needs in midwest, lack of • perennial surface water supply (semi-arid climate).

16. PA GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWALS Unevenly distributed groundwater extraction, depends on: - climate - water uses - surface water availability - population density

18. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND CLIMATE BELTS • Hadley Cells driven by solar heating; part of global hydrologic cycle • Atmospheric convection and phase transformations of water serve • to redistribute heat energy in atmosphere

19. HADLEY CELLS • Three convection cells • Drive major global • climate belts • Equatorial: hot, rainy • 30 N,S: deserts • 55-60 N,S: temperate, rainy • high latitude: dry, cold

20. HADLEY CELLS: DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR DESERTS

21. OROGRAPHIC EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION • Drives regional climate and hydrologic variability • CA example is well known (below) • Air masses cool during ascent, RH increases, and condensation occurs • this is the orographic effect: increased P with elevation • - During descent, dry air warms, RH drops, creating rain shadow

22. Evaporation Measurement: Evaporation Pan

23. WATER BUDGETS: MEAN ANNUAL EVAPORATION

24. Fate of Precipitation E-T E-T interflow precipitation groundwater flow

25. Components of streamflow IMMEDIATE, SMALL VOL. SLOW-ISH SMALL VOL. FAST, LARGE VOL. SLOW, MODERATE VOL.

26. SURFACE WATER: EXAMPLE OF A CATCHMENT ( = DRAINAGE BASIN, WATERSHED, HYDROLOGIC BASIN)

27. SUSQUEHANNA DRAINAGE BASIN

28. HYDROGRAPH, 2006

29. Surface Water Budget Example Rin P ET ET GW Rout

30. Ground Water Budget Example Fin I D

31. GROUNDWATER BUDGET • Example of effects caused • by pumping in high plains • aquifer

32. GROUNDWATER BUDGET: OVERDRAFT IN THE HIGH-PLAINS AQUIFER (OGALLALA)

33. GROUNDWATER BUDGET EXAMPLE: LONG ISLAND NEW EQUILIBRIUM WHEN INFILTRATION CHANGES

34. GROUNDWATER BUDGET EXAMPLE: ROLE OF COMBINATION OF CLIMATE AND PUMPING (San Joaquin Valley, CA)

36. GROUNDWATER BUDGET: MITIGATING OVERDRAFT “FAST” RECHARGE PONDS IN ORLANDO, FL