Unit 3: Petroleum

1. Unit 3: Petroleum What is petroleum??? Composition, use, etc…

2. most likely formed from the remains of marine organisms ~500 million yrs. ago • Natural gas deposits are usually found alongside crude oil (mainly methane - ethane, propane, and butane) • Oil consists of several types of hydrocarbons (what is a hydrocarbon?): • alkanes (linear or branched) • cycloalkanes (cyclic) - contains at least one or more carbon rings • aromatic hydrocarbons (ex: benzene ring - known carcinogen) • ? Oilanother name for oil: _______

4. Meth – 1 Eth – 2 Prop -3 But -4 Pent- 5 Hex- 6 Hep-7 Oct -8 Non- 9 Dec -10 • Root of name = # of carbons • Ending = type of bonding • All single bonds – ane • 1 or more double bond/s – ene • 1 or more triple bond/s - yne • * suffix or prefix can also tell you what functional group is present • Ex: -ol (alcohol group) • - Naming organic molecules (review)

7. State whether chemical or physical property: • thick, viscous, dark liquid • consists of hydrocarbons (typically 5-25 carbons long) • The longer the carbon chain the higher the boiling point • flammable • Can distill oil to separate into gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, heating oil, etc... Oil/Petroleum

16. Petroleum – building material Section B

17. Early 1800s all materials, medicines, building material, and packaging came from natural sources such as wood, stone, glass, metals, clays, cotton, wool, silk, animal materials etc… • Today many materials are created by the chemical industry – Synthetic materials. • Petrochemicals - are any material produced from oil or natural gas. • Petrochemicals in Cosmetics, detergents, pesticides – used directly. • Other petrochemicals serve as building blocks for materials – paint components, fabrics (nylon, ryon, etc..) rubber, insulating materials, adhesives, foams, etc….. Petrochemicals - history

20. Polymer – large molecule typically composed of 500 -20,000 or more repeating units of simpler molecules called monomers. Polymers – what are they?

21. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Nature of monomer units • Average chain length • Copolymer vs. homopolymer • Cross branching • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES • Density • Thermal properties • Hardness, strength • Solubility – permability • Degree of crystallinity Polymers – what are they?

23. chain length - in general, the longer the chains the stronger the polymer; • side groups- polar side groups (including those that lead to hydrogen bonding) give stronger attraction between polymer chains, making the polymer stronger; • branching - straight, unbranched chains can pack together more closely than highly branched chains, giving polymers that have higher density, are more crystalline and therefore stronger; • cross-linking - if polymer chains are linked together extensively by covalent bonds, the polymer is harder and more difficult to melt. (site – UCDavis) Polymer structure & properties

24. Crystalline vs. amorphous polymers

25. We will be adopting KATIE’S mild steel coin! An iron and carbon alloy – cheap and abundant • Longest lifespan – Rowan’s Aluminum bronze • Environmental Friendly – Fia’s Aluminum & Magnesium core with a thin copper coating. • Best Design – Vievie (bluge, size, vintage look) Nicole Y. (hole in middle to save resources) And the currency design winner is…

26. Functional Group Review • Alcohols • Amines • Carboxylic Acids • Esters • Amides

27. Practice • ⬅︎ • … • … • polypropylene • plexiglass • what are the monomers of plexiglass • and polypropylene?

28. Worksheet • circle the monomer! • RULES: • monomers must be at least 2 carbons long • monomers must repeat EXACTLY • if you can break amide or ester bonds you must break them • Now, circle all the functional groups you know

29. Double bonds typically have high reactivity (compared to single bonds). • Basic builders: • Ethylene • vinyl chloride • styrene • propene Building polymers – addition reactions

31. linear • chains • branched • chains

32. Polymerization – reaction that joins monomers units together to form polymers. (many polymerization rxns require a catalyst) 1) Addition polymer reaction – Unsaturated monomers react to form polymers 2) Condensation polymer reaction - joining of monomers or molecules by loss of a water molecule How are polymers formed:

33. Condensation Reaction • ***sometimes called ‘dehydration’***

34. Dehydration = Synthesis = Can be used to make an ester form: (esterification) carboxylic acid + alcohol  ester + water Example: Ethanoic acid + ethanol < -- > ethyl ethanoate + H2O Practice: Draw the structures for the reactants to predict what the product will look like. Do 2 drawings (1 use lewis structure and 2 use line angle Condensation Reaction: ester synthesis

35. Condensation Reaction

36. CARBONYL

37. Condensation Reactions - In a condensation polymer reaction the monomer unit must have 2 functional groups on it. • Ex: polyester! • Dicarboxylic Acid + Dihydroxy alcohol  Polyester • Ex: polyamides such as Nylon - (polyamides are polymers in which the carboxylic acid and the amine monomer units are linked by amide bonds). • Carboxylic Acid + Amine  Amide • Kevlar – a polyamide • Some proteins in your body are polyamides Condensation Reactions – with polymers

38. POLYESTER

39. POLYESTER • all the same monomer

40. Synthesis of nylon (polymer)

42. Dehydration Synthesis of Aspirin(what are the starting materials?!)

43. Oil Refinery - distillation • Date

45. Density – how much “stuff” in a certain space or volume. • Units for density are typically in (g/mL) in Chemistry • Ex: Water’s density = 1.01g/mL vs. motor oil = 0.88 g/mL • Viscosity - resistance to flow. • This can be related to how long/big the molecule is. When dealing with hydrocarbons – the longer the chain the higher the viscosity (flows slower). Density and Viscosity

46. Viscosity Test

48. Carbon Footprint – quantity of greenhouse gases emitted based on individual activities. • Unit is kilograms of CO2 How does carbon dioxide production serve as an indicator of the environmental impact of burning petroleum and other fossil fuels? What roles do population and availability of fossil fuels play in a country’s average carbon footprint? Carbon Footprint