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Exploring Light: Lenses and Optical Wonders

Dive into the world of light refraction, lenses, and optical instruments. Understand the index of refraction, Snell's Law, total internal reflection, and marvel at the wonders of optical technology in medicine and exploration.

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Exploring Light: Lenses and Optical Wonders

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  1. C H A P T E R   26The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments

  2. 26.1 The Index of Refraction

  3. Refraction and Speed of the Wave

  4. DEFINITION OF THE INDEX OF REFRACTION The index of refractionn of a material is the ratio of the speed c of light in a vacuum to the speed v of light in the material:

  5. Index of Refraction of SubstancesMeasured with light whose wavelength in a vacuum is 589 nm.

  6. 26.2 Snell's Law

  7. n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 SNELL'S LAW OF REFRACTION When light travels from a material with refractive index n1 into a material with refractive index n2, the refracted ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the interface between the materials all lie in the same plane. The angle of refraction q2 is related to the angle of incidence q1 by

  8. Rearview mirrors that have a day–night adjustment.

  9. Apparent Depth One interesting consequence of refraction is that an object lying under water appears to be closer to the surface than it actually is.

  10. Derivation of Snell's Law

  11. 26.3 Total Internal Reflection Critical angle, θc is given by:

  12. Why a diamond sparkles? Why does a diamond exhibit such brilliance? And why does a diamond lose much of its brilliance when placed under water?

  13. Optical Instruments Many optical instruments, such as binoculars, periscopes, and telescopes, use glass prisms and total internal reflection to turn a beam of light through 90° or 180°.

  14. Fiber Optics Light can travel with little loss in a curved optical fiber because the light is totally reflected whenever it strikes the core-cladding interface and because the absorption of light by the core itself is small.

  15. Endoscopy In the field of medicine, optical fiber cables have had extraordinary impact. In the practice of endoscopy, for instance, a device called an endoscope is used to peer inside the body. A colonoscope reveals a polyp (red) attached to the wall of the colon. A bronchoscope is being used to look for signs of pulmonary disease.

  16. Arthroscopic Surgery Optical fibers have made arthroscopic surgery possible, such as the repair of a damaged knee shown in this photograph:

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